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Phg 204 > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Testes

-Each testis is about ___cm x __ cm in size, within scrotum

A

2.5

4

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2
Q

_____ and ____ muscles move testes in response to hot or cold

A

Dartos and cremaster

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3
Q

Serous sac partially encloses each testis:

-the tunica vaginalis Develops as ____ of ____

A

outpocketing

peritoneal cavity

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4
Q

Just deep to tunica vaginalis is tunica _____ ,a fibrous capsule

A

albuginea

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5
Q

Septal extensions of tunica _____ divide testis into a ___ to ____ lobules
-Each lobule contains ___ coiled seminiferous tubules that make ____

A

albuginea

250 - 300

1-4

sperm

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6
Q

seminiferous tubules Converge to form _____, that conveys sperm into ______

A

tubulus rectus

rete testis

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7
Q

Sperm leave testis through efferent ductules which enter ____

A

epididymis

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8
Q

Blood supply: is ______

It’s from from ____ not pelvic level, since descended from abdomen

A

pampiniform plexus

L2

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9
Q

spermato genic cells lie in between _____ and are arranged in an orderly manner in __ to ___ layers.

A

Sertoli cells

4 to 8

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10
Q

Sertoli cells:

1. ____ and ____ the spermatogenic cells till the ____ are released from them

A

Support and nourish

spermatozoa

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11
Q

________ Secrete the enzyme aromatase, which converts ___ into _____

A

Sertoli cells

androgens

estrogen

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12
Q

____ Secrete ____ (ABP), which is essential for testosterone activity, especially during _____

A

Sertoli

androgen-binding protein

spermatogenesis

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13
Q

______ secretes estrogen-binding protein (EBP)

A

Sertoli cells

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14
Q

_____ Secrete inhibin, which inhibits ____ release from ____

_____ Secretes activin, which increases ___ release

A

Sertoli cells

FSH

anterior pituitary

Sertoli cells

FSH

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15
Q

_____ Secrete müllerian regression factor (MRF) in ___ testes. MRF is also called _____. MRF is responsible for the regression of müllerian duct during sex differentiation
in fetus.

A

Sertoli cells

fetal

müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS)

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16
Q

seminiferous tubules

- _____ occurs in the seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatogenesis

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17
Q

epididymis
-When structurally ____, spermatozoa are flushed into the epididymis which encloses the ____ pole of the testis.

A

mature

posterior

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18
Q

vas deferens
-____ sperms from the epididymis move on into the vas deferens (a muscular tube which acts as a ______ for sperm).

A

Motile

storage reservoir

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19
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

-The reproductive organs are developed from the ______ ——-derm.

A

intermediate mesoderm

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20
Q

Blood-testes Barrier

Blood-testes barrier is a ____ barrier that separates ____ from ______ of the testes.

It is formed by ____ between the adjacent ____, near the (apical or basal?) membrane of seminiferous tubule.

A

mechanical

blood

seminiferous tubules

tight junctions

Sertoli cells

Basal

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21
Q

Functions of blood-testes barrier

  1. Protection of seminiferous tubules
    - Blood-testes barrier protects the seminiferous tubules and spermatogenic cells by preventing the entry of ____ from blood and fluid of the surrounding tissues into the ___ of seminiferous tubules. Like ____,____,____
    - However, blood-testes barrier permits substances essential for spermatogenic cells. Like ____,____,_____ etc
A

toxic substances

lumen

proteins, galactose, and polysaccharides

nutrient, water, hormones

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22
Q

Prevention of autoimmune disorders

Blood-testes barrier also prevents the development of autoimmune disorders by inhibiting the movement of ____ products of ______, from ____ into ____

A

antigenic

spermatogenesis

testis into blood.

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23
Q

Damage of blood-testes barrier

Blood-testes barrier is commonly damaged by trauma or ___ infection like ___.

Whenever, the blood testes barrier is damaged the ___ enter the blood. The immune system of the body is activated, resulting in the production of ______ against ____.

The antibodies destroy the ____, leading to consequent ____.

A

viral

mumps

sperms

autoantibodies against sperms

germ cells

sterility

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24
Q

NORMAL SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT IN EMBRYONIC LIFE

  • _th to _ th wk gonad develop ( bipotential )
  • _th wk = sex _____ & gonadal ____
A

5-6

7

determination;

differentiation

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25
NORMAL SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT IN EMBRYONIC LIFE 8 th to 12 th wk= _____ by _____ begins -___ to ___th wk= formation of internal genitalia (_____ and ____ dependent) and formation of external genitalia (____ dependent)
endocrine secretion by male gonad 10 th12 MIS & testosterone testosterone
26
MATERNAL NONDISJUNCTION OF SEX CHROMOSOMES (1) Turner’s Syndrome - aka ____ ——— - 22/_ + 22/_ = 44/__ (2) superfemale - 22/__ + 22/_ = 44/__ (3) lethal - 22/_ + 22/_ = 44/__
gonadal dysgenesis 0; X ; X0 XX;X; XXX 0 ; Y ; Y0
27
Klinefelter’s syndrome - aka _______ ——— - 22/__ + 22/__= 44/____
seminiferous tubule dysgenesis XX Y XXY
28
XO = gonads are ____ or _____, female ext. genitalia, __ sexual maturation at puberty, other congenital abnormalities
absent rudimentary no
29
XXY = (male or female?) gonad & genitalia, (normal or abnormal?) seminiferous tubules, _____ —— XXX = _______ abnormalities
Male abnormal mental retardation no characteristic
30
Arrange in order of frequency Klinefelter,turner’s, super female
Klinefelter occurs more than super female which occurs more than turner’s syndrome
31
``` PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM In Male pseudohermaphroditism -____ gonad, _____ genitalia -caused by defective testicular development -depressed _____ and ____ levels ```
male female MIS and Testosterone
32
SPERMATOGENESIS - occurs in _______ of ___ - Spermatogonia first divide ____ally and mature into ____ which are ___ cells containing ___ homologous chromosome pairs then they undergo ____ to form the ____ that are ___ then ___ and then ___
seminiferous tubules testis mitotic Primary spermatocytes diploid; 23 meiosis; Secondary spermatocytes; haploid Spermatids; spermatozoa
33
For the first 2 process only of spermatogenesis, the spermatogenic cells have cytoplasmic attachment with Sertoli cells T/F
F For all the stages
34
SPERMATOGENES stages 1st stage -formation of _____ -spermatogonia Divide continuously by mitosis (result 2n or diploid): daughter cells A (______ cell) or B (______)
spermatocytes remains a stem Continues spermatogenesis
35
Spermatocytes are stem cells | T/F
F Spermatogonium*
36
When spermatogonia start to undergo meiosis are by definition called ____
spermatocytes
37
SPERMATOGENESIS STAGES 2nd Stage -Each primary spermatocytes (_n) undergoes _____ to become 2 ____ that would undergo ____ to become ____ -Therefore __ total spermatids from each spermatogonium
2 meiosis I secondary spermatocytes meiosis II 2 spermatids 4
38
SPERMATOGENESIS STAGES 3rd Stage - spermatids differentiate into ____ - spermatid streamlined to sperm - Head contains ____ with ___ (genetic material) - head also contains ___ with enzymes for penetrating egg - Midpiece: ___ spiraled around the ____ of the _____ - Tail is an elaborate ___ (allows sperm to swim)
sperm Nucleus chromatid Acrosome mitochondria core of the tail flagellum
39
Spermatogenesis Duration __ days - Process is By the help of ____ and ___ - process is inhibited by ___ temperatures
74 FSH & Testosterone high
40
Spermination | Spermination is the process by which the ____ sperms are released from ____ into the ____ of ____
matured Sertoli cells lumen of seminiferous tubules.
41
Functions of Sertoli cells - ___ of the sperm - ____ of dead or damaged cells
Nutrition Phagocytosis
42
______ Forms seminiferous tubule fluid
Sertoli cells
43
seminiferous tubule fluid flushes the _____ but ____ spermatozoa into the epididymis.
structurally mature immotile
44
Testosterone for maintenance of spermatogenesis. T/F
T
45
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) for initiation of spermatogenesis T/F
T
46
Estrogen is formed from testosterone in Sertoli cells. | T/F
T
47
Inhibin In females, it is secreted by _____ cells of ______.
granulosa ovarian follicles
48
Inhibin’s secretion is stimulated by _____
FSH
49
Inhibin plays an important role in the regulation of spermatogenesis by _____________ through feedback mechanism. .
inhibiting FSH secretion
50
SEMEN = | -Spermatozoa (sperms) + Secretion of _____ + Secretion of _____+ Secretion of _____
seminal vesicles prostate gland mucous glands
51
FERTILE SEMEN - Normal volume (continence): __-__ml - pH: ___ - Normal sperm count: ___-___million/ml infertile count: ___million/ml
3-4 7.4 100-200 20
52
Fertile semen Normal sperm motility: 60 -70% (__hours after ejaculation) Abnormal sperms (morphology): < ___%
2-3 20
53
Androgens secreted by testes are: 1. ____ 2. ______ 3. _____. Among these three androgens, _____ is secreted in large quantities. However, ____ is more active.
Testosterone Dihydrotestosterone Androstenedione testosterone Dihydrotestosterone
54
Testosterone is converted to dihydrotestosterone by ____
5 alpha reductase
55
Androstenedione is converted by aromatase to ___ Testosterone is converted by aromatase to ____
estrone estradiol
56
Testosterone secretion and transport -___% of testosterone in plasma is bound to proteins ___% bound to _____ (GBG),___% is bound to ______
98 65; gonadal steroid binding globulin 33; albumin
57
functions of testosterone -Maintenance of spermatogenesis T/F
T
58
functions of testosterone Protein _____ effect - Bone ____ (______ ) - ____ of testis + development of ____ in fetus - ____ sebaceous gland secretion=____ - Libido
anabolic fusion; epiphyseal closure Descent genitalia Thickens; acne
59
Testosterone increases the _____ of skin and ____ of subcutaneous tissue. These changes in skin are due to the ______.
thickness ruggedness deposition of proteins in skin
60
Testosterone also ___eases the quantity of melanin pigment, which is responsible for the ____ing of the skin color.
Increases Deepening
61
Testosterone enhances the secretory activity of sebaceous glands. So, at the time of puberty, when the body is exposed to sudden increase in testosterone secretion, the excess secretion of sebum leads to development of ___ on the face.
acne
62
After few years, the skin gets adapted to testosterone secretion but the acne persists T/F
F It disappears
63
Testosterone ___eases the hair growth on the head and may cause ___, if there is genetic background.
Decr Baldness
64
testosterone-receptor complex is more stable than DHT-receptor complex. T/F
F
65
In brain, testosterone is converted into _____ (____).
estrogen estradiol
66
MALE ANDROPAUSE OR ____ Male andropause is the condition in men, characterized by _____ and ____ changes in the body, due to ___ androgen level with ____. It is also called ____.
CLIMACTERIC emotional and physical low aging viropause
67
After the age of __, testosterone secretion starts declining. It is accompanied by __ease in number and secretory activity of Leydig cells.
50 decr
68
Low level of testosterone | increases the secretion of ____ and ____, which leads to some changes in the body.
FSH and LH
69
Viropause affects most men T/F
F Few men
70
Hypergonadism - in males is mainly due to the tumor of ____ - It is common in ____ boys who develop ________ ———-
Leydig cells. prepubertal; precocious pseudopuberty.
71
In hypergonadism There is a slow growth of musculature and bones. -the height of the person is more because of late closure of epiphysis. -There is excess development of sex organs and secondary sexual characters. T/F
F(rapid) F(less because the plates close early) T
72
In hypergonadism The tumors also secrete estrogenic hormones T/F
T
73
Male Hypergonadism Can cause gynecomastia T/F With reason
T The tumors also secrete estrogenic hormones
74
HYPOGONADISM -aka MALE Testicular deficiency * Primary hypogonadism - is due to ____ disease - ____ level of serum FSH & LH - ____ level of testosterone - aka ____gonadotropic hypogonadism * Secondary hypogonadism - due to ____ disease - ___ level of serum FSH & LH - ____gonadotropic hypogonadism
testicular high low hyper hypothalamic/ pituitary; low; hypo
75
Characteristics of hypogonadism in male childhood - (shortness or Tallness?) - (broad or Narrow ?) shoulders - (small or big ?) muscles - (male or Female?) body configuration - (big or Small?) genitalia - ____-pitched voice - (Sparse or dense?) body hair - Pubic hair with (male or female?) pattern - ____ (absence of spermatogenesis)
``` Tallness Narrow Small Female Small High Sparse Female ``` Sterility
76
Characteristics of hypogonadism in male adolescence or adulthood - (Slow or fast?) regression of secondary sex characteristics - Voice _____ - (plenty or little reduction?) in libido - ___ - symptoms due to LOSS of ______
Slow remains deep Little Sterility testicular testosterone
77
Fröhlich Syndrome Fröhlich syndrome is the disorder characterized by _____ and _____ in ____ boys. It is also called ______ syndrome or _____[
obesity and hypogonadism adolescent adiposogenital hypothalamic eunuchism
78
PUBERTY | -Onset is approximately ___ years earlier in females than males
1-2
79
Pubertal changes extend over a period of years and there is an associated spurt in growth T/F
T
80
Puberty may be delayed in girls of __ body weight (____ and ____ disorders)
low athletes eating
81
Trigger for the onset of puberty is (known or unknown?) But , some changes affecting the _____ seems to be crucial
Unknown hypothalamus
82
GROWTH STAGES DURING PUBERTY BOYS - Most boys first experience puberty between the ages of ___ and ___ - Body Size: Arms, legs, hands, and feet may grow (slower or faster?) than rest of body. - body May feel ____ from these changes - Body Shape: Grow (shorter or taller?) and shoulders grow (narrower or broader?) - Muscles get ___ ;Gain (more or less?) weight. - Voice: Voice gets ___.; Voice may start ____ing for a period of time.
10 and 16. faster clumsier Taller; broader bigger; more deeper; cracking
83
GROWTH STAGES DURING PUBERTY BOYS Hair: grows under the ___, ___, and in the ____ (between legs). - Skin: becomes ____ - Body will sweat (more or less?) - Acne or ___ may develop. - Penis and testicles get (smaller or larger?) And May experience more ____ (____ of the penis)
arms; legs, pubic area more oily. More pimples Larger erections; hardening
84
In male puberty Chest hair must appear in puberty, neve later T/F
F Chest hair may appear in some during puberty (or years later).
85
In males Body will begin to produce sperm during ____.
puberty
86
Growth stages during puberty GIRLS - Most girls first experience puberty between the ages of ___ and ____ - _____ growth is often the first area of growth during puberty. - Hair: grows under the arms, legs, and in the pubic area (between legs)
9 and 13. Breast
87
Boys usually begin puberty before girls. T/F
F Girls usually begin puberty before boys.
88
In females puberty ish ___ growth begins shortly after breast development
Hair
89
Growth stages during puberty GIRLS - Body Shape: Hips get (narrower or wider?) ; Waist gets (smaller or larger?) - Body will build up fat in the ____,___,___ - Body develops a (more or less?) curved shape. - Skin: • Skin becomes (more or less?) oily. • Body will sweat (more or less?) - Acne or ____ may develop.
Wider smaller stomach, buttocks, and legs. More More More Pimples
90
In females puberty ish Body Size: • Arms, legs, hands, and feet may grow faster than rest of body. -May feel clumsier from these changes. T/F
T | T
91
Menstruation or period:Begins for most girls between the ages of _____ and ___
9 and 16
92
A period is a discharge of fluid from the body. It Occurs monthly. And Most periods last from ___ to ____ days
3 to 7 days.
93
May feel discomfort before, during, or after a period. T/F
T
94
Onset of first menstrual period [_____]
menarche
95
Puberty - Begins: ___ yrs of age for male * Abnormally early = _____ puberty - Begins __ yrs of age * Abnormally early = ____ puberty Average age is ___ years. It’s Different in individuals
9-14 precocious 8-13 precocious 11
96
Abnormally early puberty when it begins before age __ in girls and before age __ in boys.
8 9
97
Delayed puberty is called ________ puberty.
Constitutional delayed

Phg 204 (9 decks)

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