Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2 ENT > Throat Stuff > Flashcards

Throat Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cause of salivary stone

A

crystallising of saliva into calcium stones (usually form in submandibular ducts)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

presentation of salivary stones

A

swelling and pain during periods of increased saliva production

dull pain over affected gland (comes and goes)

swelling of gland

infection of gland - v painful, abscess forms

intense pain while eating, decreasing swelling after meals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what causes the pain associated with salivary stones

A

blockage of the salivary duct by calcium stone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

risk factors/causes for salivary stones

A

dehydration
antihistamines
anorexia (infrequent eating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do you diagnose salivary stones

A

oral exam
x-ray/CT
sialography - injection of dye before x-ray
sialendoscoy - scope of duct, also removes stones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

treatment for salivary stones

A

sailendecnoscopy

if v large - shock wave treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the most common benign tumour of the parotid gland

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the second most common BENIGN tumour in the parotid gland

A

Warthin’s tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the most common malignant parotid gland tumour

A

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an adenoid cystic carcinoma

A

Malignant cancer in parotid causing perineurial invasion and associated pain/loss of function

5 year survival - 35%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how do you classify mucoepidermoid carcinomas

A

classified into high or low risk depending on how much necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

who gets warthrin’s tumour

A

males >50 who smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

who gets pleomorphic adenoma

A

females in 4th to 6th decade
long history of parotid problems

often recurrence
can then become malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the most common cause of tonsillitis

A

viral infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the most common bacterial cause of tonsillitis

A

Group A strep pyrogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do you differentiate between viral and bacterial tonsillitis

A

CENTOR criteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do you get points for on the CENTOR criteria

A
  • tonsilar exudate
  • tendor lymph nodes
  • history of fever
  • absence of cough
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

treatment for tonsillitis

A

viral:
- supportive
- eat, drink, rest, paracetamol

Bacterial:
-penicillin

19
Q

what is the criteria for a tonsillectomy

A

7 in one year
or 5 or more in the last 2 years
3 in each of the preceding 3 years

20
Q

what are some complications of tonsillitis

A

Rheumatic fever
-3 weeks after sore throat

Glomerulonephritis
-1-3 weals after

Quinsy
-tonisilitis gets better then unilateral pain - needs aspiration and antibiotics

21
Q

what causes scarlet fever

A

group A strep exotoxins

22
Q

how does scarlet fever present

A 
scarlet rash - maculopapular 
flushed cheeks 
sore throat 
fever 
lymphadenopathy
23
Q

scarlet fever treatment

A

penicillin

24
Q

what cells does the EBV virus infect

A

B cells

- circulating B cells spread infection to liver, spleen and peripheral lymph nodes

25
Q

EBV/glandular fever symptoms

A 
fever 
enlarged lymph nodes 
pharyngitis 
tonsilitis 
malaise and lethargy
26
Q

how do you diagnose glandular fever

A

EBV IgM

Heterophile antibody tests (Paul-bunnel and mono spot)

blood count
(atypical lymphocytes, low CRP)

LFTs

27
Q

treatment for glandular fever

A

bed rest
paracetamol, ibuprofen
sometimes steroids
avoid sport

28
Q

what are some complications of glandular fever

A 
anaemia 
thrombocytopenia 
splenic rupture 
upper airway obstruction 
lymphoma
29
Q

what is diphtheria

A

serious throat infection caused by corynebacterium diphtheria

30
Q

dow does diphtheria present

A

sore throat

white/grey membrane across pharynx

31
Q

treatment for diphtheria

A

supportive
antitoxin and antibiotic coverage

penicillin

32
Q

how can diphtheria be prevented

A

vaccine

33
Q

what is Candida albicans

A

oral thrush

34
Q

causes of oral thrush

A

inhaled steroids
post antibiotics
immunosuppressed
smokers

35
Q

presentation of oral thrust

A

white patches on red raw mucous membranes

36
Q

treatment of oral thrust

A

nystatin

37
Q

what is a squamous papilloma of the throat

A

benign neoplasm related to HPV 6 and 11

occurs in <5 yrs of 20-40

38
Q

what is paraganglioma of the throat

A

tumour of neuroendocrine cells dispersed throughout the body

MEN2 association

39
Q

what is a squamous cell carcinoma of the throat

A

malignant tumour caused by HPV

40
Q

what is epiglottis

A

infection and inflammation of the epiglottis causes oedema or airway, increasing airway resistance and narrowing of supraglottic aperture

41
Q

causes of epiglottis

A

H influenza

viral

not being vaccinated with Him = risk factor

42
Q

how does epiglottis present

A 
sore throat 
dysphagia 
acute distress 
fever 
difficulty breathing 
stridor 
tripod position
43
Q

management of epiglottis

A

laryngoscopy
secure airway
IV ceftriaxone

2 ENT (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions