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2 ENT > Physiology of Taste and Smell > Flashcards

Physiology of Taste and Smell Flashcards

1
Q

what are chemoreceptors

A

receptors for taste and smell which are simulated by binding with particular chemicals

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2
Q

what does the stimulation of taste and smell receptors produce

A

a good or bad sensation - functions as a checkpoint for quality control eg. most poisons taste bitter, off foods taste bad/sour

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3
Q

where are the sensory receptors of taste found

A

packages into taste buds

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4
Q

what is the life span of taste buds

A

10 days - then replaced with basal cells within the taste but

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5
Q

how to taste buds send signals to the brain

A

via afferent neurons which synapse at the bottom of the taste bud

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6
Q

where do the majority of taste buds sit

A

the papillae of the tongue (finger like structures which give rise to the rough appearance of the back of the tongue)

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7
Q

What are the 4 types of papillae found in the human tongue

A

filiform
fungiform
vallate
foliate

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8
Q

which type of papillae does not contain taste buds

A

filiform (also most abundant)

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9
Q

how do taste buds work

A
  1. taste provoking chemicals cause depolarisation of receptor cells
  2. receptor cell potential initiates action potential in afferent nerve fibres
  3. signals are conveyed to the brain stem to the thalamus and cortical gustatory areas
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10
Q

what nerves take afferent nerve fibres from the taste buds to the brain stem

A

CNVII (chordates tympanic branch of the facia nerve - anterior 2/3 of the tongue)

CNIC (glossopharyngeal nerve for posterior 1/3 of the tongue)

CNX for taste buds around the tongue on the epiglottis and pharynx

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11
Q

what are the 5 primary tastes

A 
salty
sour 
sweet 
bitter
umani (meat/savoury)
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12
Q

what stimulates a salty tase

A

chemical salts - especially sodium chloride

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13
Q

what stimulates a sweet taste

A

configuration of glucose

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14
Q

what stimulates a sour taste

A

acids which contain free hydrogen ions

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15
Q

what stimulates a bitter taste

A

diverse group including alkaloids, poisonous substances and toxic plant derivatives

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16
Q

what is ageusia

A

a loss of taste function

17
Q

causes of ageusia

A 
nerve damage 
local inflammation (glossitis, radiation, tobacco) 
some endocrine disorders
18
Q

what is hypogeusia

A

reduced taste function

19
Q

what can cause hypotenusia

A

medication

chemotherapy

20
Q

what is dysgeusia

A

distortion of taste function

21
Q

what can cause dysgeusia

A 
glossitis 
gum infections 
tooth decay 
reflux
upper resp infections 
medications
neoplasms 
chemo 
zinc deficiency
22
Q

what 3 cell types are contained in the olfactory mucosa

A

olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal cells

23
Q

what are olfactory receptor cells

A

specialised endings of renewable afferent neurons - each one has a short thick dendrite called an olfactory rod

24
Q

what projects out of the olfactory rod

A

cilia (10-12 cilia per olfactory receptor neurone)

25
Q

what is the life span of olfactory receptor cells

A

2 months

26
Q

how to olfactory receptor cells work

A

odourants bind to cilia

this sends signals down the olfactory nerve which goes up through the cribriform plate and synapses at the olfactory bulb

olfactory bulb transmits smell information to the brain via olfactory tracts to reach the temporal lobe and olfactory areas

27
Q

how do odourants reach the olfactory mucosa in normal breathing

A

via diffusion as olfactory mucosa lies above then normal air pathways

28
Q

how does sniffing help smell

A

pulls air up to the olfactory mucosa

29
Q

what characteristics does a substance need to be able to be smelled

A

be suitable volatile (can enter nose with inspired air)

be sufficiently water soluble (can dissolve in the mucous coating of olfactory mucosa)

30
Q

what allows you to differentiate between different odours

A

olfactory receptors having different sensitivity to different substances

31
Q

what is anosmia

A

the inability to smell

can be temporary or permanent

32
Q

what are some causes of anosmia

A

viral infectious
allergy
nasal polyps
head injury

33
Q

what is hyposmia

A

reduced ability to smell

early sign of Parkinson’s

34
Q

what is dysmosmia

A

altered sense of smell

differently interpreting some odours

hallucinations of smell

2 ENT (15 decks)

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