Anatomy of the Palate and Pharynx

Question 1

where is the oral vestibule

Answer 1

between the lips and teeth

Question 2

what is the boundary between the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx

Answer 2

tip of the epiglottis

Question 3

what is the oral cavity

Answer 3

everything between the tongue and hard palate

Question 4

what is the oral cavity proper

Answer 4

distance between the epiglottis and the hard palate

Question 5

what is the frenulum

Answer 5

line under tongue - stringy bit

Question 6

what is the bump on the frenulum called and what does it do

Answer 6

sublingual caruncle

submandibular gland releases contents via here

Question 7

what muscles make up the floor of the mouth

Answer 7

myohyoid

geniohyoid

Question 8

what are the 3 pairs of major salivary glands

Answer 8

parotid (near the ear)
submandibular (under mandible)
sublingual (under tongue)

Question 9

where are the minor salivary glands found

Answer 9

1000s found in the oral mucosa

responsible for basal secretion - keep the mouth moist

Question 10

what stimulates salivation

Answer 10

thought, sight, smell of food

painful oral conditions eg. teeth or mandible fracture

Question 11

where are the contents of the parotid gland secreted

Answer 11

upper 2nd molar

Question 12

where are the contents of the submandibular gland secreted

Answer 12

floor of the mouth via the lingual caruncle

Question 13

where are the contents of the sublingual gland secreted

Answer 13

via several ducts in the floor of the mouth

Question 14

what happens when there are duct clogging/blockage of the salivary glands

Answer 14

swelling due to a build up of secretions

Question 15

what nerve innervated the salivary glands

Answer 15

CNVII (facial)

Question 16

what nerve innervated the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Answer 16

CNVII (Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve)

Question 17

what part of the tongue isn’t seen in the oral cavity

Answer 17

posterior 1/3 (goes down the back)

Question 18

where does the thyroid gland originate and what does it descend through

Answer 18

originates in the pharynx

descends through the foramen caecum of the tongue

Question 19

what is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 19

change the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech

Question 20

what is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 20

modify the shape of the tongue during function

Question 21

what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue

Answer 21

hypoglossus
genioglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus

Question 22

what are the 4 types of papillae on the tongue

Answer 22

foliate
vallate
fungiform
filiform

Question 23

what type of papillae do not contain taste buds

Answer 23

filiform - instead sense touch, temperature

Question 24

where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull

Answer 24

the hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone

Question 25

what nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue

Answer 25

hypoglossal

Question 26

how do you test the function of the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

Answer 26

if both are functional the tip of the tongue stays in the midline in unilateral CNXII damage the tongue moves TOWARDS the injured nerve

Question 27

how to arteries and nerves going to the tongue pass each other

Answer 27

arteries always pass medial to the hypoglossus nerves always pass lateral to the hypoglossus

Question 28

what lines the hard palate

Answer 28

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 29

what are the 5 muscles of the soft palate

Answer 29

palatopharyngeus tensor veil palatini Lelevator veli palantini musculus uvulae palatoglossus

Question 30

what does the palatopharyngeus muscle do

Answer 30

lifts the pharynx and thyroid cartilage

Question 31

what does the tensor veli palantini do

Answer 31

tenses the palatine aponeurosis

Question 32

what does the levator veli palantini do

Answer 32

lifts the palatine aponeurosis

Question 33

what does the muscles uvulae do

Answer 33

shortens the uvula

Question 34

what does the palatoglossus do

Answer 34

brings the tongue and soft -palate together

Question 35

what nerves innervate the palatine muscles

Answer 35

all are VAGUS apart from the kenos veli palantini (CNV3)

Question 36

how do you test the function of CNX

Answer 36

if functioning normally the uvula sits in the midline if there is unilateral nerve palsy the uvula moves AWAY from the injured nerve

Question 37

what are the outer layer constrictor muscles of the pharynx

Answer 37

superior pharyngeal constrictor middle pharyngeal constrictor inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 38

what do the outer layer constrictor muscles of the pharynx do

Answer 38

push food down towards the oesophagus during contraction

Question 39

what passes through the gaps in the constrictor muscles of the pharynx to enter the mouth

Answer 39

CNIX (glossopharyngeal) Linguinal artery Stylopharyngeus

Question 40

where do the constrictor muscles of the pharynx insert

Answer 40

midline raphe

Question 41

what are the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

Answer 41

stylopharyngess palatopharyngeus salpinopharyngeus

Question 42

function of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

Answer 42

pulls the larynx up and shortens the pharynx during swallowing

Question 43

where do all the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert

Answer 43

posterior porter of the thyroid cartilage

Question 44

what makes up waldeyer's tonsillar ring

Answer 44

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid) tubal tonsil palatine tonsils lingual tonsils

Question 45

what are regional lymph nodes

Answer 45

first group of lymph nodes to receive lymph from a structure

Question 46

what are the regional lymph nodes for the head and neck

Answer 46

retropharyngeal nodes (in front of ear) jugular-digastric node (drains palatine tonsils) Deep cervical nodes (in carotid sheath) Submandibular nodes (superficial to submandibular gland) Submental nodes (under the mental process of the mandible)

Question 47

what happens to lymph nodes in infection

Answer 47

``` swollen painful soft smooth not fixed to adjacent structures improve rapidly with antibiotics ```

Question 48

lymph nodes in cancer

Answer 48

``` hard swollen not painful irregular fixed to other structures do not improve ```