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2 ENT > Anatomy of the Palate and Pharynx > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Palate and Pharynx Flashcards

1
Q

where is the oral vestibule

A

between the lips and teeth

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2
Q

what is the boundary between the oropharynx and the laryngopharynx

A

tip of the epiglottis

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3
Q

what is the oral cavity

A

everything between the tongue and hard palate

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4
Q

what is the oral cavity proper

A

distance between the epiglottis and the hard palate

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5
Q

what is the frenulum

A

line under tongue - stringy bit

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6
Q

what is the bump on the frenulum called and what does it do

A

sublingual caruncle

submandibular gland releases contents via here

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7
Q

what muscles make up the floor of the mouth

A

myohyoid

geniohyoid

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8
Q

what are the 3 pairs of major salivary glands

A

parotid (near the ear)
submandibular (under mandible)
sublingual (under tongue)

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9
Q

where are the minor salivary glands found

A

1000s found in the oral mucosa

responsible for basal secretion - keep the mouth moist

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10
Q

what stimulates salivation

A

thought, sight, smell of food

painful oral conditions eg. teeth or mandible fracture

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11
Q

where are the contents of the parotid gland secreted

A

upper 2nd molar

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12
Q

where are the contents of the submandibular gland secreted

A

floor of the mouth via the lingual caruncle

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13
Q

where are the contents of the sublingual gland secreted

A

via several ducts in the floor of the mouth

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14
Q

what happens when there are duct clogging/blockage of the salivary glands

A

swelling due to a build up of secretions

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15
Q

what nerve innervated the salivary glands

A

CNVII (facial)

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16
Q

what nerve innervated the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A

CNVII (Chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve)

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17
Q

what part of the tongue isn’t seen in the oral cavity

A

posterior 1/3 (goes down the back)

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18
Q

where does the thyroid gland originate and what does it descend through

A

originates in the pharynx

descends through the foramen caecum of the tongue

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19
Q

what is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

change the position of the tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech

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20
Q

what is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

modify the shape of the tongue during function

21
Q

what are the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

hypoglossus
genioglossus
palatoglossus
styloglossus

22
Q

what are the 4 types of papillae on the tongue

A

foliate
vallate
fungiform
filiform

23
Q

what type of papillae do not contain taste buds

A

filiform - instead sense touch, temperature

24
Q

where does the hypoglossal nerve exit the skull

A

the hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone

25
Q

what nerve supplies the muscles of the tongue

A

hypoglossal

26
Q

how do you test the function of the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

A

if both are functional the tip of the tongue stays in the midline

in unilateral CNXII damage the tongue moves TOWARDS the injured nerve

27
Q

how to arteries and nerves going to the tongue pass each other

A

arteries always pass medial to the hypoglossus

nerves always pass lateral to the hypoglossus

28
Q

what lines the hard palate

A

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

29
Q

what are the 5 muscles of the soft palate

A

palatopharyngeus

tensor veil palatini

Lelevator veli palantini

musculus uvulae

palatoglossus

30
Q

what does the palatopharyngeus muscle do

A

lifts the pharynx and thyroid cartilage

31
Q

what does the tensor veli palantini do

A

tenses the palatine aponeurosis

32
Q

what does the levator veli palantini do

A

lifts the palatine aponeurosis

33
Q

what does the muscles uvulae do

A

shortens the uvula

34
Q

what does the palatoglossus do

A

brings the tongue and soft -palate together

35
Q

what nerves innervate the palatine muscles

A

all are VAGUS apart from the kenos veli palantini (CNV3)

36
Q

how do you test the function of CNX

A

if functioning normally the uvula sits in the midline

if there is unilateral nerve palsy the uvula moves AWAY from the injured nerve

37
Q

what are the outer layer constrictor muscles of the pharynx

A

superior pharyngeal constrictor
middle pharyngeal constrictor
inferior pharyngeal constrictor

38
Q

what do the outer layer constrictor muscles of the pharynx do

A

push food down towards the oesophagus during contraction

39
Q

what passes through the gaps in the constrictor muscles of the pharynx to enter the mouth

A

CNIX (glossopharyngeal)
Linguinal artery
Stylopharyngeus

40
Q

where do the constrictor muscles of the pharynx insert

A

midline raphe

41
Q

what are the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

A

stylopharyngess
palatopharyngeus
salpinopharyngeus

42
Q

function of the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

A

pulls the larynx up and shortens the pharynx during swallowing

43
Q

where do all the inner longitudinal muscles of the pharynx insert

A

posterior porter of the thyroid cartilage

44
Q

what makes up waldeyer’s tonsillar ring

A

pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid)
tubal tonsil
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils

45
Q

what are regional lymph nodes

A

first group of lymph nodes to receive lymph from a structure

46
Q

what are the regional lymph nodes for the head and neck

A

retropharyngeal nodes (in front of ear)

jugular-digastric node (drains palatine tonsils)

Deep cervical nodes (in carotid sheath)

Submandibular nodes (superficial to submandibular gland)

Submental nodes (under the mental process of the mandible)

47
Q

what happens to lymph nodes in infection

A 
swollen 
painful 
soft 
smooth 
not fixed to adjacent structures 
improve rapidly with antibiotics
48
Q

lymph nodes in cancer

A 
hard 
swollen 
not painful 
irregular 
fixed to other structures 
do not improve

2 ENT (15 decks)

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