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2 ENT > Anatomy of the Ear > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Ear Flashcards

1
Q

3 anatomical division of the ear

A

external ear
middle ear
inner ear

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2
Q

functional divisions of the ear

A

hearing (auditory system)

balance (vestibular system)

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3
Q

in what bone are the organs of hearing and balance

A

temporal bone

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4
Q

what are 5 key features of the temporal bone

A 
external acoustic meatus 
mastoid process 
styloid process 
zygomatic process 
petrous part
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5
Q

what is the pterion

A

H shaped structure where:

Frontal
parietal
temporal
sphenoid

bones all meet - this is the thinnest part of the skull

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6
Q

where do the facial and vestibulochoclear nerves (CNVII and CNVIII) leave the base of the skull

A

the internal acoustic meatus

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7
Q

what does the CNVII (facial) nerve supply

A 
motor innervation to the face 
motor innervation to stapedius 
taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue 
secretomotor to salivary glands and lacrimal glands 
general sensation to external ear
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8
Q

what does CNVIII (vestibulocochlear) sappy

A

hearing

balance

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9
Q

what artery goes through the internal acoustic meatus

A

the labyrinth artery

- this is a branch of the inferior cerebellar artery from the circle of willis

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10
Q

where does the external ear extend to/from

A

from the auricle to the tympanic membrane

via the external acoustic meatus

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11
Q

function of the external ear

A

converts sound waves to the tympanic membrane

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12
Q

what are the 5 main features of the auricle

A 
helix 
anti-helix 
concha 
tragus 
anti-tragus
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13
Q

how does the auricle get nutrients

A

it is avascular and gets nutrients from skin

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14
Q

what lymph nodes drain lymph from the auricle

A

parotid lymph nodes
mastoid lymph nodes
superficial cervical nodes

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15
Q

where does the external acoustic meatus extend to/from

A

to the tympanic membrane from the concha

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16
Q

what is the external acoustic meatus made up of

A

1/3 cartilage

2/3 temporal bone

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17
Q

where does the tympanic membrane lie

A

at the distal end of the external auricular meatus

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18
Q

what is the tympanic membrane maid of

A

connective tissue - covered with skin on the outside and a mucous membrane on the inside

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19
Q

what connects the tympanic membrane to the temporal bone

A

fibrocartilaginous ring

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20
Q

what makes it possible to view the middle ear during otoscopy

A

the translucent nature of the tympanic membrane

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21
Q

where does the handle of malleus attach

A

the internal wall of the tympanic membrane

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22
Q

what nerve supplies the external surface of the tympanic membrane

A

CNV3 - auriculotemporal arch

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23
Q

what nerve supplies the internal surface of the tympanic membrane

A

CNIX glossopharyngeal

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24
Q

why do you pull the ear back and down when doing an otoscopic examination

A

to straighten out the EAM which is usually in an S she

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25
Q

what bone does the middle ear lie inside

A

temporal

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26
Q

what is the function of the middle ear

A

transmits vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear via the auditory ossicles

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27
Q

what are the 3 auditory ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

28
Q

where does the malleus join

A

handle attaches to the internal wall of the tympanic membrane

head lies in the epitympanic recess where it articulates with the incus

29
Q

Where does the incus join

A

body articulates with the malleus

short limb attaches to posterior wall

long limb joins to the stapes

30
Q

where does the scapes join

A

joins the incus to the oval window

31
Q

what type of joints join the ossicles

A

synovial joints

32
Q

what 2 muscles are in the middle ear

A

stapedius

tensor tympani

33
Q

what 2 nerves are found in the middle ear

A

branches of the facial and glossopharyngeal

34
Q

What forms the roof of the temporal cavity and what does it separate

A

the temporal bone

separates the middle ear from the cranial fossa

35
Q

what forms the medial wall and what features does it have

A

forms by the lateral wall of the inner ear

contains a bulge where the facial nerve goes by

has a promontory (bony swelling formed by the cochlea)

36
Q

What does the floor of the cavity separate

A

the middle ear and internal jugular vein

37
Q

what makes up the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity

A

internal aspect of the tympanic membrane

38
Q

what does the posterior wall of the cavity separate and what features does it have

A

separates the tympanic cavity and the mastoid air cells

there is a whole allowing the two areas to communicate (mastoid antrum)

39
Q

what openings does the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity have

A

opening for the Eustachian tube

opening fo the tensor tympani muscle

(separates middle ear from internal carotid)

40
Q

where does the Eustachian tube connect

A

connects the anterior wall of the middle ear cavity to the nasopharynx

41
Q

how can ear pain and throat pain be linked

A

bacteria/viruses can spread via the Eustachian tube from the pharynx/tonsils to the ear

they have a common sensory nerve supply (glossopharyngeal) so can get referred pain

42
Q

where does the facial nerve exit the skull

A

internal acoustic meatus

43
Q

how does the facial nerve get from the internal acoustic meatus into the middle ear

A

via the facial canal of the petrous temporal bone into the STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN into the floor of the cavity

44
Q

where do the muscles of facial expression originate/insert

A

originate on bone but insert into the superficial fascia

45
Q

what are the 4 muscles of facial expression

A

frontal
orbiculares oculi
elevator of lips
orbiculares oris

46
Q

how can you clinically test the actions of the muscles of facial expression and the facial nerve

A

ask the patient to:

  • frown
  • close eyes tightly
  • smile
  • maintain puffed out cheeks
47
Q

function of the inner ear

A

converts special sensory information

detects motion and position

48
Q

where does the inner ear start/end

A

starts at oval window

ends at internal acoustic meatus

49
Q

what innervated the inner ear

A

vestibulocochlear nerve

split into the vestibular and cochlear branches

50
Q

what is the otic capsule made up of

A

bony labyrinth filled with perilymph

forms the cochlear and semi-circular canals

51
Q

what does the cochlea contain

A

the cochlear duct of the membranous labyrinth (the auditory part of the inner ear)

52
Q

what is the cochlear duct filled with

A

endolymph

53
Q

what nerve conducts action potentials from the cochlear

A

the cochlear nerve

54
Q

what do the semi-circular canals contain and what are they responsible for

A

the semi-circular ducts

responsible for balance

55
Q

what are the semi-circular ducts filled with

A

endolymph

56
Q

what nerve conducts action potentials from the semi-circular ducts

A

the vestibular nerve

57
Q

what causes hair cells to move in the middle ear

A

the movement of lymph

58
Q

what movement do the semi-circular ducts detect

A

angular movement

59
Q

what are the 5 parts of the otic capsule

A 
semi-circular canals 
urtricle 
sacule 
cochlea 
endolymphatic duct
60
Q

what type of movement does the utricle detect

A

horizontal

61
Q

what type of movement does the saccule detect

A

vertical

62
Q

how is sound transmitted from the cochlear

A
  1. sound waves cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate
  2. the vibrations are transmitted through the ossicles
  3. this causes vibration in the oval window
  4. this created pressure in the perilymph
  5. hair cells in the cochlea are moved and action potentials are created and conveyed to brain via cochlear nerve
  6. pressure waves descent and become vibrations again
  7. vibrations are dampened at the round window
63
Q

what cells detect auditory stimuli

A

receptor cells in the organ of Corti (on the basilar membrane of the cochlear duct)

64
Q

what is the cochlear duct suspended by in the canal

A

spiral ligaments

65
Q

what are 2 two sections created by the spiral ligaments in the cochlear canal

A

Scala vestibule

Scala tympani

2 ENT (15 decks)

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