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Diagnostic Imaging > Thorax Part 3 > Flashcards

Thorax Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is seen in an alveolar pattern?

A

increased pulmonary opacity to the point where vessels cannot be distinguished

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2
Q

what is an alveolar pattern caused by?

A

decreased volume of air in the lungs

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3
Q

what causes decreased volume of air in the lungs?

A

lung is filled with crap: consolidation
lung is collapsed: atelectasis

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4
Q

what is atelectasis?

A

lung is collapsed

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5
Q

how does atelectasis occur?

A

recumbency
bronchial obstruction

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6
Q

what causes consolidation?

A

lung is filled with soft tissue opacity material: fluid or cells

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7
Q

how can you tell a radiograph is showing consolidation, not atelectasis?

A

consolidated lung will be normal size
no mediastinal shift with consolidation

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8
Q

how can you tell a radiograph is showing atelectasis, not consolidation?

A

atelectic lung will be smaller than normal
mediastinal shift with atelectasis

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9
Q

why is an atelectic lung smaller than normal?

A

alveoli are collapsed with nothing in them

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10
Q

where does pneumonia most often occur?

A

right middle lung lobe
ventral/cranioventral lung fields

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11
Q

where does cardiogenic edema usually occur?

A

starts perihilar, spreads everywhere
cats can have it anywhere

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12
Q

where does noncardiogenic edema usually occur?

A

caudodorsal lung fields

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13
Q

what are the four main possibilities when you see consolidation on chest radiographs?

A

pneumonia
cardiogenic edema
noncardiogenic edema
hemorrhage

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14
Q

when does a lobar margin sign occur?

A

when an opacified lung lobes is adjacent to a relatively normal lung lobe

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15
Q

when is a lobar margin sign often seen?

A

with lobar pneumonia
can be seen with masses

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16
Q

where does equine aspiration pneumonia most often occur?

A

accessory lung lobe

17
Q

why do rule outs for interstitial and consolidating alveolar patterns overlap?

A

fluid enters/exits alveoli via interstitial space

18
Q

interstitial and alveolar patterns can be thought of as a ____________________

A

continuum

19
Q

what does an air bronchogram look like?

A

gas filled bronchial lumen in a completely opaque lung lobe, not bronchial wall is seen

20
Q

is radiography sensitive for heart disease?

A

no

21
Q

if heart disease is suspected, what should you do?

A

echocardiography

22
Q

what should you distinguish between if the cardiac silhouette is large?

A

is it the pericardial sac or heart?

23
Q

if the heart is enlarged, what should you narrow down?

A

which chambers/vessels are enlarged

24
Q

what are concurrent abnormalities that would support heart disease with an enlarged cardiac silhouette?

A

ascites/pleural effusion
vascular changes
increased lung opacity

25
Q

what is the vertebral heart score for?

A

qualitative measure of heart size

26
Q

why was the vertebral heart score developed?

A

method of compensating for variation in the thoracic conformation of various breeds

27
Q

how do you do a vertebral heart score?

A

measure the long axis of the heart from the carina to the apex
measure the short axis of the heart at thee widest point: usually ventral to caudal vena cava
starting at the cranial aspect of T4, measure the length of the axes in vertebrae and add them together

28
Q

what is a normal dog’s vertebral heart score?

A

<10.5 (8.5-10.5)
labradors and boxers can go to 11

29
Q

what is a normal cat’s vertebral heart score?

A

<8.1
7.2-8.1

30
Q

what are some signs of right heart failure?

A

big right heart or generalized cardiomegaly
enlarged caudal vena cava
hepatomegaly: congestion
abdominal and/or pleural effusion

31
Q

how can you tell the caudal vena cava is enlarged?

A

larger than aorta on multiple views or 1.5xaorta

32
Q

how can you recognize a patent ductus arteriosus on the VD view?

A

overcirculated lungs
triple bump
left atrial enlargement

33
Q

what are some signs of left heart failure?

A

big left heart or generalized cardiomegaly
pulmonary venous congestion
perihilar interstitial to alveolar pattern

34
Q

what are some signs of left heart failure in cats?

A

edema may be anywhere
pleural effusion may be present

35
Q

what might you see on radiographs of a cat with cardiomegaly?

A

accentuated caudal waist
atrial enlargement

Diagnostic Imaging (12 decks)

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