Thorax Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is seen in an alveolar pattern?

A

increased pulmonary opacity to the point where vessels cannot be distinguished

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2
Q

what is an alveolar pattern caused by?

A

decreased volume of air in the lungs

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3
Q

what causes decreased volume of air in the lungs?

A

lung is filled with crap: consolidation
lung is collapsed: atelectasis

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4
Q

what is atelectasis?

A

lung is collapsed

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5
Q

how does atelectasis occur?

A

recumbency
bronchial obstruction

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6
Q

what causes consolidation?

A

lung is filled with soft tissue opacity material: fluid or cells

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7
Q

how can you tell a radiograph is showing consolidation, not atelectasis?

A

consolidated lung will be normal size
no mediastinal shift with consolidation

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8
Q

how can you tell a radiograph is showing atelectasis, not consolidation?

A

atelectic lung will be smaller than normal
mediastinal shift with atelectasis

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9
Q

why is an atelectic lung smaller than normal?

A

alveoli are collapsed with nothing in them

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10
Q

where does pneumonia most often occur?

A

right middle lung lobe
ventral/cranioventral lung fields

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11
Q

where does cardiogenic edema usually occur?

A

starts perihilar, spreads everywhere
cats can have it anywhere

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12
Q

where does noncardiogenic edema usually occur?

A

caudodorsal lung fields

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13
Q

what are the four main possibilities when you see consolidation on chest radiographs?

A

pneumonia
cardiogenic edema
noncardiogenic edema
hemorrhage

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14
Q

when does a lobar margin sign occur?

A

when an opacified lung lobes is adjacent to a relatively normal lung lobe

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15
Q

when is a lobar margin sign often seen?

A

with lobar pneumonia
can be seen with masses

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16
Q

where does equine aspiration pneumonia most often occur?

A

accessory lung lobe

17
Q

why do rule outs for interstitial and consolidating alveolar patterns overlap?

A

fluid enters/exits alveoli via interstitial space

18
Q

interstitial and alveolar patterns can be thought of as a ____________________

19
Q

what does an air bronchogram look like?

A

gas filled bronchial lumen in a completely opaque lung lobe, not bronchial wall is seen

20
Q

is radiography sensitive for heart disease?

21
Q

if heart disease is suspected, what should you do?

A

echocardiography

22
Q

what should you distinguish between if the cardiac silhouette is large?

A

is it the pericardial sac or heart?

23
Q

if the heart is enlarged, what should you narrow down?

A

which chambers/vessels are enlarged

24
Q

what are concurrent abnormalities that would support heart disease with an enlarged cardiac silhouette?

A

ascites/pleural effusion
vascular changes
increased lung opacity

25
what is the vertebral heart score for?
qualitative measure of heart size
26
why was the vertebral heart score developed?
method of compensating for variation in the thoracic conformation of various breeds
27
how do you do a vertebral heart score?
measure the long axis of the heart from the carina to the apex measure the short axis of the heart at thee widest point: usually ventral to caudal vena cava starting at the cranial aspect of T4, measure the length of the axes in vertebrae and add them together
28
what is a normal dog's vertebral heart score?
<10.5 (8.5-10.5) labradors and boxers can go to 11
29
what is a normal cat's vertebral heart score?
<8.1 7.2-8.1
30
what are some signs of right heart failure?
big right heart or generalized cardiomegaly enlarged caudal vena cava hepatomegaly: congestion abdominal and/or pleural effusion
31
how can you tell the caudal vena cava is enlarged?
larger than aorta on multiple views or 1.5xaorta
32
how can you recognize a patent ductus arteriosus on the VD view?
overcirculated lungs triple bump left atrial enlargement
33
what are some signs of left heart failure?
big left heart or generalized cardiomegaly pulmonary venous congestion perihilar interstitial to alveolar pattern
34
what are some signs of left heart failure in cats?
edema may be anywhere pleural effusion may be present
35
what might you see on radiographs of a cat with cardiomegaly?
accentuated caudal waist atrial enlargement