Thorax Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the trachea?

A

a semi-rigid tube running from the larynx to the carina

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2
Q

how does the size of the trachea compare to the height of the larynx?

A

normally just smaller than the height of the larynx

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3
Q

what are some tracheal abnormalities?

A

collapsing trachea
hypoplastic trachea
other causes of tracheal narrowing: sub/mucosal edema or hemorrhage
tracheal foreign body
tracheal mass

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4
Q

what is the pleural space?

A

a potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura

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5
Q

are the pleura and pleural space usually visible on radiographs?

A

no

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6
Q

what are some pleural space abnormalities?

A

pneumothorax
pleural effusion

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7
Q

what is a pneumothorax?

A

gas in the pleural space

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8
Q

what does a pneumothorax look like?

A

lungs retracted from thoracic wall
increased lucency of pleural sspace
increased opacity of collapse lung
heart separated from sternum

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9
Q

why is there an increased lucency of the pleural space with a pneumothorax?

A

there is a lack of vessels extending to the periphery

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10
Q

how can you differentiate a deep-chested dog from a pneumothorax?

A

heart may be separated from sternum
pulmonary vessels will be seen ventral to the heart

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11
Q

how can you differentiate skin folds from a pneumothorax?

A

can be followed outside of the thoracic cavity

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12
Q

what is a tension pneumothorax?

A

one-way valve causes pleural space pressure to rise above atmospheric pressure

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13
Q

what does the diaphragm do in a tension pneumothorax?

A

caudally displaced and may be tented at the costal attachments

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14
Q

what is pleural effusion?

A

fluid in the pleural space

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15
Q

where will the fluid in pleural effusion collect in a DV view?

A

along midline: silhouettes with heart

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16
Q

where will the fluid in pleural effusion collect on a VD view?

A

gutters: heart sticks out of effusion and is more visible

16
Q

what are some differentials that look like pleural effusion?

A

pleural thickening
fat: heart margin still visible
chondrodystrophic dog: looks like effusion on DV/VD view only

17
Q

how many lung lobes do canine and feline patients have?

A

6 lung lobes

18
Q

what lung lobes do feline and canine patients have?

A

right cranial, middle, caudal, accessory
left cranial and caudal

19
Q

what lung lobe do equine patients not have when compared to canine/feline patients?

A

right middle lung lobe

20
Q

what are the four lung patterns?

A

vascular
bronchial
interstitial
alveolar

21
Q

what happens in a vascular pattern?

A

too many vessels visible
vessels are too large (veins and/or arteries)

22
Q

on the DV/VD view, the caudal vessels should be equal in diameter to the ____________ as they cross it

23
Q

on the lateral view, the cranial pulmonary ____________ are dorsal to the bronchus and the ____________ are ventral

A

arteries
veins

24
on the DV/VD view, the caudal pulmonary arteries are ____________ to the bronchus and the veins are ____________
lateral medial
25
what can cause big veins (and normal arteries) on radiographs?
left sided congestive heart failure
26
what can cause big arteries (and normal veins) on radiographs?
heartworm disease pulmonary hypertension pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE)
27
what can cause big arteries and veins on radiographs?
patent ductus arteriosus fluid overload hyperthyroidism left sided congestive heartfailure with heartworm, PTE, or pulmonary hypertension (most common of these three)
28
what happens in a bronchial pattern?
bronchi are more visible than normal
29
how does a bronchial pattern manifest?
train tracks or donuts depending on whether the bronchi are seen in profile or end-on
30
what does a bronchial pattern indicate?
airway disease of allergic, infectious, or parasitic origin
31
what is the most common cause of a feline bronchial pattern?
feline asthma does not always show up on radiographs
32
what is an interstitial pattern recognized by?
increased lung opacity decreased clarity of the pulmonary vascular margins
33
what is an interstitial pattern due to?
something in interstitial space: fluid, cells, fibrous tissue
34
what can cause a nodular interstitial pattern?
metastases
35
when you see something that looks like nodules on a radiograph, what are some other differentials?
skin nodules end-on vessels pulmonary osseous metaplasia/pneumoliths
36
where are end-on vessels mostly seen on a radiograph?
perihilar region overly vessels of equal or greater diameter
37
in order to catch our eye, solitary spherical soft tissue nodules must be __________
>5mm
38
how large are end-on vessels and pneumoliths in diameter?
2mm still stand out: mineralized, more than 5mm "deep"