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Diagnostic Imaging > Thorax Part 1 > Flashcards

Thorax Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the silhouette sign?

A

two structures of the same radiographic opacity that are in direct contact with each other lose their margins and cannot be seen as separate entities

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2
Q

whenever you see fluid where there should not be any, it’s probably going to be: ___________________________

A

blood
pus
water

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3
Q

where does gas where it should not be come from?

A

communication with outside world
communication with a structure that normally has gas in it
gas forming organisms

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4
Q

why do we take thoracic radiographs?

A

rule in/out causes of respiratory signs
investigate suspected cardiac disease
screen for metastatic disease
screen patients prior to anesthesia
evaluate patients who have undergone trauma

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5
Q

what technique do we use for thoracic radiographs?

A

high kVp technique
minimize exposure time
take radiographs at peak inspiration
use a grid if patient is thicker than 10cm

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6
Q

is right lateral better for assessing changes in the left or right lung lobes?

A

left lung lobes

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7
Q

how can you tell a lateral thoracic view is right lateral?

A

heart is “egg shaped”
diaphragmatic crura parallel to each other
right crus more cranial
better for assessing left lung lobes

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8
Q

how can you tell a lateral thoracic view is left lateral?

A

heart rounded
diaphragmatic crura diverge
left crus more cranial
better for assessing changes in right lung lobes

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9
Q

what differentiates a dorsoventral view from a ventrodorsal view?

A

heart position more consistent
diaphragm has one dome (cupula)

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10
Q

what differentiates a ventrodorsal view from a dorsoventral view?

A

heart “flops” and may look elongated
diaphragm has three domes (cupula and two crura)

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11
Q

why do we take both lateral views with a thoracic study?

A

dependent lung collapses
collapsed lung hides soft tissue opacity nodules
opposite lateral: aerated lung, provides contrast

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12
Q

what are some special views with thoracic radiographs?

A

oblique views
horizontal beam views

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13
Q

why would we take oblique views?

A

highlight thoracic wall masses

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14
Q

why would we perform horizontal beam views of the thorax?

A

diaphragmatic hernia
small volumes of pneumothorax

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15
Q

do we take VD or DV views of large animals?

A

no, only lateral views taken
not even young foals

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16
Q

where do you put the lung of interest when taking radiographs of a large animal?

A

close to the plate

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17
Q

what happens with pleural effusion and a pneumothorax in large animals on radiographs?

A

pleural effusion will fall
pneumothorax will rise

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18
Q

what are some thoracic contrast procedures?

A

esophagography
angiography
celiography

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19
Q

what should you evaluate when evaluating the thorax?

A

extrathoracic structures
diaphragm
mediastinum
pleural space
lungs, including pulmonary vasculature
cardiac silhouette

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20
Q

what extrathoracic structures should you check on a set of thoracic radiographs?

A

caudal neck
thoracic limbs
cranial abdomen
thoracic wall

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21
Q

what are some thoracic wall abnormalities?

A

congenital abnormalities
trauma
masses

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22
Q

why is a flail chest a problem?

A

can cause trauma to the lungs

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23
Q

what are thoracic wall masses recognized by?

A

extrapleural sign: intact parietal pleeura contains the mass, mass will indent the lung

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24
Q

what causes a flail chest?

A

segmental fractures of adjacent ribs

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25
what can be seen on thoracic radiographs that would indicate a diaphragmatic hernia?
inability to clearly identify the diaphragm displacement or lack of organs in the abdominal cavity visualization of organs in the thoracic cavity
26
what can hamper your ability to identify a diaphragmatic hernia?
concurrent pleural effusion
27
what is a peritoneal-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia?
abdominal contents in pericardial sac
28
how can you identify a peritoneal-pericardial diaphragmatic hernia?
globoid cardiac silhouette central/ventral diaphragm not clear
29
what is a hiatal hernia?
stomach coming through esophageal hiatus
30
what are the types of hiatal hernia?
sliding axial GE intussusception paraesophageal
31
where does the mediastinum extend between?
thoracic inlet to diaphragm spine to sternum
32
what does the mediastinum consist of?
two layers of mediastinal pleura and the space between them
33
what structures are normally seen in the mediastinum?
trachea heart aorta caudal vena cava fat
34
what structures are occasionally seen in the mediastinum?
gas in esophageal lumen: aerophagia thymus: normal if dog <1year
35
what are some structures that are not normally seen in the mediastinum?
cranial vena cava, brachiocephalic trunk lymph nodes outer surface of trachea and esophagus
36
what does the sternal lymph node drain?
pleural space chest wall abdomen
37
if you see a big sternal lymph node, what should you do?
look for a problem in the abdomen
38
what lymph nodes can be seen on thoracic radiographs (not normal)?
tracheobronchial aka hilar sternal tracheal
39
what does hilar lymphadenopathy look like?
ill-defined soft tissue opacity surrounding the carina on the lateral view where bronchi come together on the DV view
40
what are some mediastinal abnormalities?
pneumomediastinum mediastinal masses mediastinal effusion mediastinal shift
41
how can you recognize a pneumomediastinum?
increased visualization of mediastinal structures
42
where can gas dissect into from a pneumomediastinum?
subcutaneous tissues retroperitoneal space
43
the cranial mediastinum should be no wider than __________________________ on the DV or VD view
twice the width of the spine
44
what breeds like to deposit fat in their mediastinum?
brachycephalic breeds
45
what is mediastinal shift?
mediastinum is shifted to one side on thee DV or VD radiograph
46
what is mediastinal shift recognized by?
displacement of the cardiac silhouette
47
what can mediastinal shift be due to?
collapse of lung increased volume of a lung/hemothorax mass
48
how can you recognize mediastinal fluid?
decreased visualization of mediastinal structures diffuse widening of the mediastinum
49
what can mediastinal fluid be mistaken for on the lateral view?
pleural effusion or pulmonary disease
50
where does the esophagus live on the lateral view?
dorsal to the intrathoracic trachea between aorta and caudal vena cava
51
where is the esophagus on a DV view?
slightly to the left of midline
52
what are some esophageal abnormalities?
esophageal motility disorder vascular ring anomaly esophageal mass esophageal foreign body/choke
53
what is esophageal motility disorder?
decreased ability of the esophagus to propel food/water into the stomach
54
can you diagnose esophageal motility disorder if there is no food or water present?
no
55
does esophageal dilation mean the patient has a motility disorder?
not necessarily could be aerophagia
56
when can ingesta be in the esophagus?
shortly after eaten (20 seconds) in bolus form: 1 or 2 swallows' worth
57
how do we diagnose esophageal motility disorder?
esophagography if food/fluid is present in esophagus and not in bolus form: diagnostic
58
how can you perform an esophagography?
give barium liquid, paste and paste mixed with food watch under fluoro or take rads after dog swallows
59
what is vascular ring anomaly usually due to?
persistent right aortic arch
60
what wraps around the esophagus in a vascular ring anomaly?
remnant of ductus arteriosus
61
when does an animal with a vascular ring anomaly start to show signs?
after it is weaned: regurgitating when changed to solids
62
what can chronic packing of food in the esophagus in vascular ring anomaly lead to?
pulsion diverticulum

Diagnostic Imaging (12 decks)

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