Thorax part 2 Flashcards
How do you determine if you have a right or left dominant heart? Which one will you see more often in patients?
Imaging, to see what vessel does the posterior interventricular branch come off of
Right in about 85% of patients
The coronary arteries supplies the ??
Heart
Right common carotid supplies the ???
Right head and neck
Right subclavian supplies the ??
Right neck and right upper limb
Intercostal and lumbar branches supply the ??
body wall
Celiac trunk supplies the ??
Foregut
Superior Mesenteric artery supplies the ???
Midgut
Inferior mesenteric artery supplies the ???
Hindgut
Posterior branches of the internal iliac artery supplies the ??
Muscles of pelvis
Anterior branches of the internal iliac artery supplies the ??
Pelvic viscera
External iliac arteries supplies the ???
Lower limbs
What are the three layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica Adventitia
What layer of blood vessel
______ endothelium + subendothelial connective tissue
Tunica intima
What layer of blood vessel
_____ smooth muscle & elastic fibers (large vessels. This layer is good at stopping clots
Tunica intima
What layer of blood vessel
_____ dense irregular CT with some elastic fibers
Tunica adventitia
Large vessels have their own vessels called _____
vasa vasorum
Large vessels have their own nerves called _____
nervi vasorum
In Arteriosclerosis, what layer does the fatty deposits deposit themselves?
Tunica intima
______ Smooth muscle cell proliferation that may occlude vessel often following angioplasty or stenting of a vessel.
Restenosis
Capillaries have a _____ layer of endothelium
single
Capillaries (have/do not have) tunica media or adventitia
DO NOT HAVE
____ capillaries have continuous endothelium and basal lamina. They are located throughout the majority of your body
Continuous capillaries
_____ capillaries have a tight junction and contribute to a blood-brain barrier
Continuous
_____ capillaries have a thin endothelium with large openings covered by basal lamina. Located in GI tract, endocrine glands, renal capillaries, choroid plexus, & ciliary body
Fenestrated
_______ capillaries are in areas that require substances to pass to/from the blood and surrounding tissues quickly.
Fenestrated
_______ in liver & hematopoietic organs (spleen, liver, bone marrow). Irregular walls, wide gaps between cells, large fenestrations, incomplete basal lamina
Sinusoidal (discontinuous) capillaries
Capillaries drain to ______ which combine, enlarge, and gain smooth muscle to become _____ that are similar to arterioles but “thinner” and not as circular
venules
muscular veins
How are arterioles different from muscular veins
Muscular veins are thinner and not as circular
How much of the blood volume is in the veins at any given time
approx 70%
What causes venous blood to travel upwards?
muscle contraction
What do veins have that arteries do not
valves
What causes varicose veins?
Decrease in muscle tone and failure of the venous valves
What is a DVT?
Deep vein thromboses, blood clot inside the vein
The heart is surrounded by an (elastic/inelastic) covering called the _____
inelastic
Pericardium
The transverse pericardial sinus separates ___ and ___ vessels. What do they each contain
outflow: Pulmonary and aortic vessels
and
Inflow: Pulmonary veins and vena cavae vessels
The parietal pericardium has two fused layers, what are they
Fibrous pericardium- External
Serous pericardium- inner surface
What layer of the heart secretes fluid to lubricate the heart as it beats in the pericardial sac
Serous pericardium
_______ this extremely serious condition occurs when blood or other fluid pools deep to the inelastic parietal pericardium.
Cardiac tamponade
What is the Beck’s triad of cardiac tamponade present with what three things
- Low blood pressure
- Weak heart valve sounds
- Jugulo-venous distension
What kind of cells move mucous?
ciliated cells
What kind of cells create mucous?
Goblet cells
In what three places is there actual gas exchange occuring?
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
alveolus
The pathway air takes is:
Nasal cavity -> Nasopharynx -> Oropharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi
______ whirls of mucosa-covered bone that project into the nasal cavity
Conchae
The nasopharynx has ______ that coats the respiratory pathway up to terminal bronchioles
Respiratory epithelium
True vocal folds are comprised of what kind of tissue?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium covers the core of dense connective tissue
What is present in the trachea to prevent it from collapsing?
Cartilage C shaped ring- also allows the esophagus to expand when eating
The _____ bronchus is more vertical
Right
Secondary bronchi head to each ____ of the lung. How many does the right have? How many does the left have?
lobe
Right has 3
Left has 2
_____ bronchi travel to each pulmonary segment
Tertiary
All bronchi have _____ and _____ in their walls, lined by respiratory epithelium
cartilages plates and smooth muscle
What is it called when you have fluid in the lungs? Is it possible to have it only in one specific section of the lung?
pneumonia
YES
During a Segmentectomy, what else do you take along with it?
Also take its tertiary bronchus
During a lobectomy, what else do you take along with it?
Also takes it’s secondary bronchus
During a pneumonectomy, what else do you take along with it?
also take it’s primary bronchus
_____ branch off the aorta and supply the conducting tissues of the respiratory system
Bronchial arteries
_____ drain into the azygos system of veins then to the right atrium
Bronchial veins
What are the goblet cells in smaller airways called?
Club cells (or bronchiolar exocrine cells)
Alveolar ducts are lined by simple squamous epithelium, _____ and ______.
Type I and Type II pneumocytes
True/False: There are NO ciliated or bronchiolar exocrine cells in alveolar ducts
True
Type I pneumocytes are _____ and cover approximately ____ % of the alveolar surface
FLAT, 95%
What are type I pneumocytes responsible for?
Gas diffusion through their cytoplasm
Type II pneumocytes are the (minority/majority). They cover approx ____% of alveolar surface
Majority
5%
True/False: Type II pneumocytes can only regenerate and divide other type IIs.
False; they divide and regenerate BOTH pneumocyte types
Name a responsibility of the Type II pneumocyte
Release surfactant
_____ inhalation of fine sand particles can cause nodules to form in the lungs when these fine bits of silicon elicit an inflammatory reaction.
pneumoconiosis
What is the most distal portion of the respiratory track that contains smooth muscle in the walls?
Alveolar ducts
The right lobe has ____ lobes
3
The left lung has ___ lobes
2
What is it called with lymph fills the pleural space?
Chylothorax
