Abdomen 3+4+5- Exam 4 Flashcards
What are the components of the triangle of Calot?
Inferior border of liver
Cystic duct
Common hepatic duct
What is fluid in the abdomen called?
ascites
Where does the lymph from the abdomen and lower limbs flow? Then where? then where?
Cisterna chyli
Thoracic duct
LEFT subclavian vein
Where does the foregut, midgut and hindgut venous system drain to ?
hepatic veins
The abdominal body wall is lined by a serous (fluid-secreting) layer called the ______
peritoneum
A _____ is created whenever two sheets of peritoneum meet on the posterior body wall and travel anteriorly to surround an organ.
mesentery
Name the 10 organs that are intraperitoneal
stomach, liver, spleen, 1st and 4th portion of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon
Name some organs that are secondarily retroperitoneal. What does this mean?
2nd and 3rd portions of the duodenum, pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum
started as intraperitoneal organs but “laid back” to the body wall during development
What organs never develop a mesentery? What are they classified as?
kidneys, suprarenal glands, ureters, and all pelvic viscera
primarily retroperitoneal
The area posterior to the liver and stomach is referred to as the _____ and forms a space that is connected to the rest of the peritoneal cavity (greater sac) through a hole – the ______
omental bursa (lesser sac)
gastro-omental foramen.
Number 1 is on the (right/left) side of the patient?
Right
Number 2 is on the (right/left) side of the patient?
Left
If you put your finger through ______ and compress the portal triad you would severely decrease the blood flow to what organ?
Gastro-omental foramen
liver
The wire in the picture is running through the _____
gastro-omental foramen
If you have a gastric ulcers that erodes the posterior wall of the stomach, what can it cause?
pancreatitis or paratinitis
What does this shape outline?
All of the organs that have a mesentery
The _____ forms the central nervous system
ectoderm
The _____ forms the lining and glands of GI, respiratory and UG tracts
endoderm
the ____ forms muscles, bones, CT and fat
mesoderm
______ forms the epidermis
ectoderm
somatic mesoderm contacts ______
Ectoderm
visceral mesoderm contacts the _____
endoderm
____ and ______ pinch together to form the gut tube
Endoderm + visceral lateral plate mesoderm
_____ and _____ envelop the developing gut tube
ectoderm and somatic lateral plate mesoderm
How do endoderm and visceral layer of mesoderm remain attached to the posterior body wall?
by a dorsal mesentery
the ectoderm and the somatic layer of mesoderm fuse anteriorly and create the ____. This has the additional effect of pulling the _____ around the embryo.
body wall
amniotic cavity
The gut tube extends from ______ to _______
mouth (oropharyngeal membrane)
presumptive anus (cloacal membrane)
Once the oropharyngeal membrane and cloacal membranes rupture, what happens next?
amniotic fluid enters the gut tube
What are two additional extensions of the endoderm?
allantois
secondary yolk sac
The secondary yolk sac extends further away from the embryo and settles where?
in a space just outside of the amnion
How does the secondary yolk sac remain attached to the gut tube? What structure supplies the blood?
remains attached by the vitelline duct
receives blood from the vitelline artery
The vitelline artery develops into what three arteries?
celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric
**it is a normal for part of your ____ to be present in your umbilical cord
midgut
The ____ is initially just the region of gut tube that extends posteriorly from the _______
foregut
respiratory diverticulum
the foregut will becomes what 6 organs?
Distal esophagus
Stomach
Proximal duodenum
Liver & Gallbladder
Pancreas
Spleen
Describe the processes that occur that turns the foregut into the foregut organs
- Separation of the esophagus from the trachea
- Stomach dilation and rotation
- Development of the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas
- Rotation of gut tube and glands to form spaces, ligaments, omenta,& mesenteries
______ separate the trachea and esophagus
Tracheoesophageal ridges
What are the two most common malformations when the esophagus separates from the trachae
esophageal atresia ** most common
distal tracheoesophageal fistula
Esophageal atresia will cause (non-bilious/bilious) emesis
non-bilus
What are the two types of congenital hiatal hernias?
when a developing esophagus does not lengthen sufficiently, it can pull the cardiac region of the stomach into the thoracic cavity
OR
the fundus of the stomach displaces through diaphragm next to the esophagus (para-esophageal hernia)
What type of hernia is this?
sliding hiatal hernia
What type of hernia is this?
paraesophageal hernia
As the stomach develops, it distends and rotates to the _____. What does it form?
left
forms the greater curvature
During development, the distal end of the stomach is pushed to the _____. What does it cause?
right
makes the duodenum into a C-shaped curve
Intestinal atresia occurs when ??? Does it present with (non-bilious/bilious) emesis?
malformation that blocks the upper GI tract is atresia of the small intestine
bilious emesis
bilious emesis, which is always abnormal and indicates obstruction (proximal/distal) to the common bile duct insertion
distal
Name this. What does it indicate?
Double Bubble sign
intestinal atresia
During the 3rd week the hepatic diverticulum (liver bud) extends off the ______
foregut
As _____ grows it embeds itself into the ______ which becomes the central part of the diaphragm.
hepatic diverticulum
septum transversum
The hepatic diverticulum maintains its connection to the gut tube and becomes the _______
common bile duct
The gallbladder develops as an out-pouching of the hepatic diverticulum, with its own duct, ______ that connects it to the common bile duct.
the cystic duct,
Name two gallbladder abnormalities, which one is a problem
double gallbladders
biliary atresia
If biliary atresia is present, what is likely to develop?
cirrhosis
The ______ develops as an outgrowth of the hepatic diverticulum and is initially completely separate from the ______ that extends separately from the gut tube
dorsal pancreatic bud
The dorsal pancreatic bud extends separately from what structure?
gut tube
What does rotation of the stomach cause? Then what happens?
brings the common bile duct and the ventral pancreas posterior the duodenum
the pancreatic buds and ducts fuse
What are the two connects to the duodenum?
main pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct
the main pancreatic duct is composed of what two parts?
ventral pancreas and common bile duct
the accessory pancreatic duct is on what part of the pancreas?
dorsal pancreas
What is an annular pancreas? What does it cause?
When the ventral pancreas migrates anteriorly and posteriorly and surrounds the duodenum
causes duodenal stenosis
What part of gut develop does all the organs included rotate to move them into their final positions?
foregut development
As the stomach shifts left, the liver moves to the right side of the abdomen. The space created posteriorly is the ______
is the omental bursa
The omental bursa communicates with the rest of the peritoneal cavity through _____?
the omental foramen (of Winslow)
The ______ expands and forms a sheet of peritoneum that drapes over the developing midgut. It then fuses with the mesentery of the transverse colon.
greater omentum
Name the organs that become the midgut?
Distal duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Cecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
What are the 2 major events in midgut development?
- Rotation
- Elongation
The midgut rotates around what artery? Describe the rotation
superior mesentric artery
270 degrees counter clockwise
What will a vitelline fistula present as?
poop coming out of the belly button
the _____ also elongates so extensively that starting in the 6th week it extends out of the abdomen into the _____. What is it called?
midgut
umbilical cord
physiological herniation
Describe the process of the formation of the appendix
The vermiform appendix buds off the cecum as it is enters the right side of the abdomen.
Because the appendix forms as the cecum returns to the abdomen, it may be located in several locations
What are the bands of the colon called?
Tenia coli
What is an omphalocele?
Congenital herniation of intra-abdominal viscera through a defect in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus. Note the intact peritoneal sac covering the viscera, which is absent in gastroschisis.
Is omphalocele or gastroschisis worse?
omphalocele because its more than just the intestine and the entire sac is outside of the body
Describe what is wrong with this picture
the duodenum is anterior to the transverse colon causes partial blockage
What is volvulus?
when the intestine is twisted shut and cuts off the blood supply
What is a vascular accident?
when the blood supply to the developing region is insufficient or compromised
What are some signs of a vascular accident in a newborn?
Failure to pass meconium
Abdominal distension
Bilious vomiting
Abdominal x-ray shows multiple air-fluid levels
What organs are in the hindgut?
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
Mesoderm between _____ and _____ descends to separate urogenital and GI tracts
vitelline duct and allantois
Mesoderm between vitelline duct and allantois descends to separate ____ and _____
urogenital and GI tracts
The _____ is a developmental structure that receives content from urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems
cloaca
The urogenital and digestive tracts are partitioned by the ______, which separates the rectum from the urogenital sinus
urorectal septum
The urogenital sinus and allantois will become the _____ and _____
bladder and urethra
Descent of the urorectal septum creates separate ____ and _____
anal
urogenital membranes.
What is the correct medical term for the taint
perineal body
urorectal fistula present as ??
poop coming out of the urethra
rectovaginal fistula will present as ???
poop coming out of the vagina
What is another name for a persistent cloaca?
fistulae
Ectoderm invaginates to form an _____ that meets the rectum
anal pit
An ____ results from failure of the anal membrane to rupture, leaving the anal pit unconnected to the rectum.
imperforate anus
The right hepatic duct carries what?
bile from the right lobe of the liver
The left hepatic duct carries what?
bile from the left, caudate and quadrate lobe
