THORAX AND LUNGS Flashcards
which part of the respiratory tract is aligned with the sternal angle?
carina
which vertebrae is the sternal angle aligned with?
T4
the scapula occupies which vertebraes?
T2-T7
problem with respiration = problem with ___
oxygenation
___ prevents friction in the lungs
pleural membrane
what happens when there is too much pleural fluid?
lung expansion will be compromised
dull percussion of the lung suggests?
pleural cavity may be filled with fluid
bluish color around the mouth area
circumoral cyanosis
what does dyspnea mean?
difficulty in breathing
what is the proper position for assessing posterior thorax?
lean forward with arms crossed
what is the proper ratio of ateroposterior and transverse diameter?
1:2
AP diameter >/= transverse diameter
barrel chest
chest bulges forward
pigeon chest / pectus carinatum
pectus carinatum is common in?
people with asthma
sternum is depressed
funnel chest / pectus excavatum
exaggeration of lumbar curvature
lordosis
lordosis is common with?
toddlers learning to walk
exaggeration of thoracic curvature
kyphosis
twisting of the spine, either in lumbar or thoracic area
scoliosis
use of accessory muscle is usually a sign of?
dyspnea
use of both arms for support
tripod position
position like laying down on a desk
orthopneic
parts of sternum that retract during inhalation
sternal retractions
true or false: the slope of the ribs are normally upward with symmetric ICS
false: slope of ribs are normally downward
normal respiration rate?
12-20 cpm
less than 24 cpm, shallow
tachypnea
give some factors that can induce tachypnea
fever, anxiety, exercise, respiratory insufficiency, alkalosis, pneumonia, plurisy
inflammation of the pleura
pleuritis
less than 10 cpm, regular
bradypnea
bradypnea is normal in?
well conditioned athletes
give examples of what can induce bradypnea
medication-induced, diabetic coma, neurologic damage
increased respiratory rate and depth
hyperventilation
give examples of what can cause hyperventilation
extreme exercise, fear, anxiety
type of hyperventilation associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
kausmaul’s
decreased respiratory rate and depth
hypoventilation
overdose of narcotic or anesthesia could cause?
hypoventilation
- periods of regular and irregular
- severe congestive heart failure, drug overdose, intercranial pressure
cheyne-stokes
this type of pattern is common in elderly people during sleep but is not related to any disease process
cheyne-stokes
like hyperventilation with crackles because of secretions
death rattle
irregular pattern with carying depth and rate followed by periods of apnea
biot’s respiration
crackling sensation caused by subcutaneous emphysema
crepitus
vibratory sensation in the thoracic area
fremitus
increased fremitus suggests?
lung consolidation
decreased fremitus suggests?
bronchial obstruction
unequal chest expansion suggests?
atelectasis
type of chest expansion caused by pleural effusion, pneumothorax, pneumonia, collapsed lung
unilateral
type of chest expansion cause by adavnces lung, fibrosis, airflow obstruction, and musculo-skeletal problems
bilateral
percussion of the thorax should sound?
resonant
determines the distance that the lungs occupy when they expand
diaphragmatic excursion
normal distance of diaphragmatic excursion in a normal adult?
3-5 cm
normal distance of diaphragmatic excursion in a well conditioned person?
7-8 cm
true or false: the diaphragm is higher in the right because of the liver
true
- soft expiratory sound, low pitch
- I > E
- heard on entire lung field
vesicular
- intermediate expiratory sound and pitch
- I = E
- heard on 1st and 2nd ICS and scapulae
brochovesicular
- lound expiratory sound, high pitched
- E > I
- heard on manubrium
bronchial
high pitched, short popping sound heard during inspiration and not cleared with coughing
fine crackles
crackles occuring late in inspiration suggests?
pneumonia, CHF
crackles heard early in inspiration suggests?
bronchitis, asthma, emphysema
low pitched, bubbling, moist sounds that may persist from early inspiration to early expiration
coarse crackles
like rolling a strand of hair between your fingers near your ear
fine crackles
described as softly separating velcro
coarse crackles
low pitched, dry, grating sound, much like crackles, only more superficial and occuring during both inspiration and expiration
pleural rub
high pitched, musical sounds heard primarily during expiration but may also be heard on inspiration
wheeze
harsh honking wheeze with severe broncholaryngospasm such as occurs with croup
stridor
ask the client to repeat the phrase 99 while you auscultate the chest wall
bronchophony
ask the client to repeat the letter E while you listen over the chest wall
egophony
ask the client to whisper the phrase 1-2-3 while auscultating the chest wall
whispered pectoriloquy