SKIN, HAIR, AND NAILS Flashcards
1
Q
- areas of dark, velvety discoloration in body folds and creases
- often affect armpits, groin, and neck
A
acanthosis nigricans
2
Q
Pigment cells of the skin, melanocytes, are destroyed in certain areas resulting to loss of skin color in the form of depigmented, or white, patches of skin
A
vitiligo
3
Q
increased amount of deoxygenated homoglobin associated with hypoxia
A
cyanosis
4
Q
reduced amount of oxyhemoglobin
location: face, conjunctiva, nail beds
A
anemia
5
Q
reduced visibility of oxyhemoglobin as a result of decreased blood flow
location: skin, nail beds, conjunctiva, lips
A
shock
6
Q
congenital or autoimmune condition causing lack of pigment
A
vitiligo
7
Q
Hands, fingertips, or feet turn blue because they are not getting enough oxygen rich blood
A
peripheral cyanosis / acrocyanosis
8
Q
Generalized bluish discoloration of the body and the visible mucous membranes, which occurs due to inadequate oxygenation secondary to conditions that lead to an increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin or presence of abnormal hemoglobin
A
central cyanosis
9
Q
Triad of redness, warmth, and burning pain, most notably affecting the extremities
A
erythromelalgia
10
Q
Causes the blood vessels in the extremities to narrow, restricting blood flow
A
raynaud’s phenomenon
11
Q
- yellow-orange skin color
- increased deposition of bilirubin in the tissues
A
jaundice
12
Q
- redness of skin
- increased viability of oxyhemoglobin as a result of dilation or increased blood flow
A
erythema
13
Q
- black and blue skin color
- extravasation of blood into the subcutaneous tissue
A
ecchymosis
14
Q
Classically seen with hyperpigmentation due to adrenocorticotropic hormone melanogenesis
A
addison’s disease
15
Q
Inherited condition that affects the production of melanin, the pigment that colors the skin, hair and eyes
A
albinism
16
Q
persisted scaly plaques on the scalp, face, ears which subsequently can progress to scarring, atrophy, dyspigmentation, and permanent hair loss in affected hair-bearing areas
A
discoid lupus erythematosus
17
Q
true or false: inspecting skin on limbs, under breasts, and in groin area are commonly done for obese clients
A
true
18
Q
- persistent nonblanchable erythema of intact skin
- In darker skin tones, may appear with persistent red, blue, or purple tones
- Most common of all pressure ulcers. “At risk” person
A
stage 1 ulcer
19
Q
- partial-thickness skin loss involving epidermis, dermis, or both
- is superficial and presents as an erosion, blister, or vesicle
A
stage 2 ulcer
20
Q
full-thickness skin loss involving damage or necrosis of subcutaneous tissue that may extend down to, but not through underlying fascia
A
stage 3 ulcer
21
Q
- full-thickness skin loss with extensive destruction, tissue necrosis, or damage to muscle, bone, or supporting structure
- undermining and sinus tracts may also be present
A
stage 4 ulcer
22
Q
- original lesions from previously normal skin
- directly associated with a disease process
- rarely specific to a single disease
A
primary
23
Q
- originated from primary skin lesions
- may be initiated by external forces (scratching or infection) or the healing process
A
secondary
24
Q
lesions associated with bleeding, aging, circulatory conditions, diabetes, preganancy, and heptaic diseases
A
vascular
25
a circumsized, flat lesions that differs from surrounding skin because of its color
macule / patch
26
what is the difference between macule and patch?
macule: < 1cm
patch: > 1 cm
27
freckles, flat moles, rubella, petechiae, vitiligo, ecchimosis are a type of?
macule / patch
28
small, solid, elevated lesions less than 1 cm
papule
29
mesa-like elevation that occupies a relativey large surface area compared with its height
size: >= 1 cm
plaque
30
elevated nevi, warts, lichem planus are a type of?
papule
31
psorisis and actinic keratosis are a type of?
plaques
32
- elevated, solid palpable mass
- 0.5 - 2 cm, circumscribed
nodule
33
a solid or cystic elevation or palpable lesions 2.0 cm or more in diameter
tumor
34
lipoma, squamous cell carcinoma, poorly absorbed injection, dermatofibroma are a type of?
nodule
35
larger lipomas and carcinoma are a type of?
tumor
36
these are 2 types of blisters, circumscribed, elevated fluid filled lesion which may contan serum, blood, lymph, or extracellular fluid
vesicle / bulla
37
what is the difference between vesicle and bulla?
vesicle: < 1 cm
bulla: > 1 cm
38
herpes, varicella, poison ivy, second-degree burn are a type pf?
vesicle
39
pemphigus, contact dermatitis, large burn listers, poison ivy, bullous impetigo are a type of?
bulla
40
- aka hives or urticaria
- elevated mass with transient borders
- rounded/flat topped elevated papule or plaque that characteristically disappears within hours
- caused by movement of serious fluid into the dermis
wheal
41
- curcunscribed, raised lesion containing purulent exudate
- variable color: white, yellow, greenish
pustule
42
acne, impetigo, furuncles, carbuncle are a type of?
pustule
43
- encapsulated fluid-filled or semisolid mass
- located in the subcutaneous tissue or dermis
cyst
44
2 types of cyst
sebaceous, epidermoid
45
individual / separate lesions
dicrete
46
lesions merge and run together
confluent
47
lesions are clustered
grouped
48
lesions that form a line or snakelike shape
linear / serpiginous
49
lesions arranged ina circular pattern
annular
50
lesions are scattered over the body
generalized
51
lesions arranged in concentric circles resembling a bull’s eye
polycyclic / targetoid
52
linear arrangement of lesions along a nerve root
zosteriform
53
ENUMERATE ALL PRIMARY LESIONS
- macule - patch
- papule - plaque
- nodule - tumor
- vesicle - bulla
- wheal
- pustule
- cyst
54
- loss of superficial epidermis
- does not extend to the dermis
- depressed, moist area
erosion
55
ruptured vesicles, scratch marks, apthous ulcer are a type of?
erosion
56
- skin loss extending past epidermis
- necrotic tisue loss
- bleeding and scarring possible
ulcer
57
- skin amrk left after healing of wound or lesion
- represents replacement by connective tissue of the injured tissue
scar / cicatrix
58
young scars are often colored?
red or purple
59
mature scars are colored?
white or glistening
60
- linear crack in the skin
- may extend to the dermis
fissure
61
chapped lips or hands and athlete’s foot are types of?
fissure
62
- secondary to desquamated, dead epithelium
- may adhere to skin surface
scales
63
dandruff, psoriasis, dry skin, pityriasis rosea are typs of?
scales
64
dried residue of serum, blood, or pus on skin surface
crust
65
large adherent crust is called a?
scab
66
vesicle rupture, impetigo, herpes, eczema are a type of?
crust
67
- hypertyhroid scar tissue
- secondary to excessive collagen formation during healing
- elevated, irregular, red
keloid
68
keloids have greater incidence in what race?
african americans
69
what may arise from ear piercing and surgical incision?
keloid
70
- thin, dry, transprent appearance of epidermis
- loss or surface markings
- secondary to loss of collagen and elastin
atrophy
71
- thickening and roughening of the skin
- accentuated skin markings
- may be secondary to repeated rubbing, irritation, scratching
lichenification
72
contact dermatitis, exposure to allergens, chemicals, foods, and emotional stress can be?
lichenification
73
- round or irregular macular lesion
- larger than petechia
- color varies: black, yellow, and green
- secondary to blood extravasation
ecchymosis
74
- localized collection of blood creating an elevated ecchymosis
- associated with trauma
hematoma
75
- papular and round
- red or purple
- noted on trunk, extremities
cherry angioma
76
- red, arteriole lesion
- central body with radiating branches
- noted on face, neck, arms, trunk
- may blanch with pressure
spider angioma
77
what conditions may be associated with spider angioma?
liver disease, pregnancy, vit B deficiency
78
- spiderlike or linear shape
- color bluish or red
- does not blanch when pressure is applied
- noted on legs, anterior chest
- secondary to superifical dilation of venous vessels and capillaries
telangiectasis / venous star
79
mnemonic for detecting skin cancer
ABCDE
- asymmetry
- border
- color
- diameter
- elevated / evolving
80
slight pitting, no visible distortion, disappears rapidly
1+ pitting edema
81
somewhat deeper pit, no readily detectable distortion, disappears in 10-15 seconds
2+ pitting edema
82
pit noticeably deep, may last more than a minute, the dependent extremity looks fuller and swollen
3+ pitting edema
83
pit very deep, lasts 2-5 mins, dependent extremity is grossly distorted
4+ pitting edema
84
- transverse depression in nails indicating temporary disturbance of nail growth
- caused by: acute illness, systemis illness
beau’s lines
85
- concave curvature of the nails
- causes: iron deficiency anemia, syphilis, use of strong detergents
koilonychia / spoon nails
86
- change in angle between nails and nail base, nail bed softening, with flattening often
- causes: chronic lack of oxygen due to heart or any pulmonary disease
clubbing
87
early clubbing angle
180 degrees
88
late clubbing angle
> 180 degrees
89
- pit formation on the nails
- cause: psoriasis
pitting
90
- red or brown streaks in nail bed
- causes: minor trauma, subacute bacterial endocarditis, trichinosis
splinter hemorhages
91
- inflammation of skin at the base of the nail
- causes: local infection, trauma
paronychia
92
newborn skin is covered with?
vernic caseosa
93
common harmless markings in newborns
milia and stork bites
94
- gray, blue or purple spots inthe sacral and buttock area
- fades by age 3
mongolian spots
95
true or false: melasma and linea nigra are common in children
false: it is common in pregnant women
96
true or false: pregnant women’s hormonal changes may cuase oil and sweat glands to become hyperactive
true
97
when pregnant hair may fall out during what months?
months 1-5
98
true or false: skin elasticity increases with aging
false: skin elasticity decreases
99
hair twisting or plucking and nail biting
trichotillomania
