Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology > Thorax and Breathing > Flashcards

Thorax and Breathing Flashcards

1
Q

work of respiration

A
  • requires muscular effort
  • lungs do not contain muscles and therefore cannot move on their own - therefore require assistance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mechanisms of respiration

A
  1. the thoracic rib cage acts as a mechanical pump for the lungs
  2. lungs must stick to the walls of the thoracic cavity
  3. muscles acting on the ribs and bony thorax drive the pump
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

breathing apparatus

A
  1. pulmonary apparatus - lungs and airways
  2. chest wall - rib cage wall, abdominal wall, diaphragm and abdominal content
  3. pulmonary - chest wall unit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

the rib cage

A
  • rib cage is connected to thoracic vertebrae - T1 -12 which is important bc twelve ribs attach from those vertebrae
  • also costal cartillages, sternum (manubrium, body of the sternum, xiphoid process/ xiphisternum), two clavicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

structures of the rib cage - superior thoracic apeture

A
  • space connecting thoracic cavity to head, neck, and upper limb
  • made by border of T1, rib 1 and the manubrium of the sternum
  • passes through the space of - carotid arteries, jugular veins, phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, trachea and oesaphagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

structure of rib cage - inferior thoracic opening

A
  • space connecting thoracic cavity to abdominopelvic cavity
  • made by costal margin - 12th rib and T12
    passes through - oesophagus, descending aorta, vena cava, phrenic nerves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

structure of the rib

A
  • twelves pairs of ribs
  • ribs elevate and depress - hinged on the posterior vertebral column at costovertebral joints
  • 1-10 attatch to the the sternum anteriorly via a costal cartillage
  • a typical rib articulates posteriorly w a costal facet on the transverse process of its own thoracic vertebra and the body of the vertebra above
  • rib bones articular wuth costal cartilages
  • costal cartillages articulate with the sternum (rins 1-10) - directly (1-7) and indirectly (8-10)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

costosternal joints

A

cartiliginous joints, slightly mobile but allow twisting and bending

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

difference bw costosternal joints and costovertebral joints

A
  • costosternal joints - cartiliginous joints, slightly mobile but allow twisting and bending
    different to
  • costovertebral joints - these are synovial joints which - highly flexible and allow for greater hinging to take place on that posterior side
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

types of ribs

A
  • ribs 1-7 = -these ribs directly attach from rib to our costal cartillage then to the sternum
  • false ribs - connect to sternum hw they join up together
  • floating ribs still attach posteriorly to our vertebrae but do not attach to the sternum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

rib movements

A
  • costovertebral joints - elevation and depression of ribs occur
  • bine shape will remain firm and strong - extends anterior posterior dimension
    > true ribs lift up (pump handle movements) - sternum moves anteriorly and increases the anteroposterior volume
    > false rib lift upwards ( bucket handle movements) - ribs move superiorly and laterally - increases lateral volume
  • elevation and depression of all ribs act to expand and depress the rib
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

muscles of the the thorax: thoracic diaphragm

A
  • lie bw thoracic + abdominal cavities -primary muscle of inspiration
  • attaches to the inferior border of the rib cage, xiphoid process, vertebral column and central tendon
  • thoracic cavity is an upwardly domed shape = contraction of the muscular diaphragm causes diaphragm to flatten / lower > pulled down within the thoracic cavity
  • upward shape to flatten - flattening is for inspiration and increase size of thoracic cavity
    innervated by general somatic efferent neurons in phrenic nerve - fron CN 3-5- needed for inspiration to keep us alive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

muscles of thorax: intercostal muscle

A

lie between pairs of adjacent ribs - two main sets of muscles which have been supplied by the intercostal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are external intercostal muscles used for

A

inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

external intercostal muscles- explain inspiration

A
  • attach from rib below to rib above - R12-1 = 11 pairs
  • fibers run in a hand in pocket orientation
  • fibers begin near vertebral column and end at angle of rib - fascia
    towards sternal aspects
  • elevate ribs - increase size of thoracic cavity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are internal intercostal muscles used for?

A

expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

internal intercostal muscles - explain expiration

A
  • attach from rib above to rib below - from R1-R12 =11 pairs
  • fibers run opposite to external muscles - begin near sternal aspect and end at vertebral column
  • depress ribs - decrease size and volume of thoracic cavity
18
Q

what are the accessory inspiratory muscles

A
  • thoracic volume can further increased by use of accessory
    muscles
  • anterior cervical group - scalene group and sternocleidomastoid -
    elevate top and anterior rib cage
  • posterior and lateral thoracic group - extend vertebral column and expend rib cage - deep extensor back muscles/ superficial back muscles, serratus posterior and latissimus dorsi
19
Q

accesory EXPIRATORY muscles

A
  • thoracic volume can be quickly decreased by use of large abdominal muscles
  • rectus abdominus, internal and external obliques, transversus abdominus - pulls down on lower ribs and causes expiration
  • squeezes abdomen, transferring upward pressure on diaphragm
20
Q

BREATHING FOR SPEECH > pulmonary - chest wall unit

A
  • for the lungs to expands they need the rib cage to also expand ( lungs are not attached to ribs) - musculature must contract in order to have movement of the ribs
  • pleural membranes and fluid act to link rib cage movements to lung movements
21
Q

pleural cavities and membranes

A
  • function is to link movement of the rib cage walls to lung movement via interpleural pressure
  • negative pressure created between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes - due to fluid link
22
Q

ventillation - breathing

A
  • movement of air into and out of the lungs
  • continue the cycle of inspired air and expired air
  • respiration cycle - one complete inhalation and exhalation - about four seconds when at rest
  • respiration rate - number of breaths per minutes - roughly 15 cycles per minute
23
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs within each respiratory cycle

24
Q
  • inspiraratory reserve volume
A
  • amount of air that you can force that can be forcibly inhaled after and above the normal tidal volume - normally kept in reserved but is used in deep breathing
    > amount of extra air (> tidal volume) during forceful breaths in
25
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

total airs in inspiration, including TV and insipratory reserve volume

26
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

expiratory reserve volume - amount of air abouve TV that is exhaled during a breath

27
Q

how is air moved - clue = diffusion

A
  • air is driven by a pressure gradient - diffusion
  • air moves from high pressures in atmosphere to low pressure in intra-alveolar space
28
Q

Boyles law

A

increase volume decrease pressure - vice versa

29
Q

mechanism of breathing - inhalation

A
  • increase thoracic cavity size
  • decrease in pressure as more space for same amout of gas
  • pressure outside is greater than pressure inside
  • air rushes in - high to low diaphragm is flattened
30
Q

mechanism of breathing - exhalation

A
  • decrease in thoracic cavity size
  • increase pressure - less space for same amount of gas
  • pressure inside is greater than pressure outside
  • air rushes out - high to low diaphragm is domed
31
Q

normal respiration cycle

A
  • adults completere between 12 and 18 cycles per minutes
  • normal respiratory cycle = inspiration takes up to 40% of th cycle while expiration takes up 60% of the cycle
32
Q

breathing in conversational speaking

A
  • inspiration takes up 10% and expiration takes up 90% of the cycle
  • speech is produced on exhaled air - slower exhalation
33
Q

active forces and their relationship to movement of breathing

A
  • forces brought about by muscle movement
  • dependant on air volumes in the system
  • greater volume requires greater forces - usually recruit more muscular contractions
    eg. diaphragm, external intercostal muscles etc. contract and they allow respiratory to take place
34
Q

passive forces and their relationship to movement of breathing

A
  • nautral recoil forces of stretched or twisted structures - ribs, muscles and lungs
  • gravity
35
Q

types of respiration - focus on inspiration for this one

A
  • driven by negative pressures

quiet inspiration
- thoracic diaphragm increases vertical dimension of thorax

forced inspiration
- external intercostals elevate ribs
- muscles act to increase 3D dimensions of the thorax - accessory muscles (scale, back muscles)
- more air is getting pulled into the lungs

36
Q

types of respiration - especially focus on expiration

A
  • driven by positive pressures

quiet expiration
- system is restored to a resting position after respiration
- driven by forces of torque, elasticity and gravity (helping return muscles to resting position)
- diaphragm will recoil back to its naturally domed positions and internal intercostals that inferiorly move that depress the ribs)

forced expiration
- internal intercostals depress ribs and reduce size of the thorax
- abdomen is compressed by abdominal muscles
- more air is pushed out of the lungs

37
Q

neural control of tidal breathing

A
  • “automatic” breathing controlled
    by the brainstem breathing centers (medulla)
  • tidal breathing is under strong afferent
    influence from chemoreceptors and
    mechanoreceptors
38
Q

control of special acts of breathing

A
  • voluntary acts of breathing (breath- holding, glass blowing, speaking, singing) are controlled by higher brain centers
  • commands from higher brain centers can integrate with and override brainstem breathing centers, they can also be sent directly to spinal nerves
39
Q

spinal nerves important for breathing

A
  • rib cage wall - cervical through lumbar (L) 2
  • diaphragm - C3-C5
  • abdominal wall - thoracic (T) 7 through L 1
40
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A
  • an umbrella term for a number of lung diseases that prevent proper breathing - three of the most common COPD conditions are emphysema, chronic bronchitis and chronic asthma
  • no cure for COPD - management can slow disease progression and relieve symptoms

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions