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Anatomy and Physiology > Introduction to Nervous System and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Introduction to Nervous System and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Branches of the NS

A

Nervous System

Peripheral Central

Autonomic
Somatic

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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2
Q

what is the peripheral NS

A

everything else that is not either the brain or the spinal cord - not C NS

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3
Q

autonomic

A

think it is automatic while somatic is voluntary eg. speech production

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4
Q

types of neurons

A

unipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar, multipolar

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5
Q

what is a neuron

A

structural and functional unit of the NS

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6
Q

glial cells

A
  • non- neuronal cells that provide service for the neurons eg. nourish, support and protect neurons
    - CNS - astrocytes (blood brain barrier), oligodendrocytes (myelin sheath), ependymal cells (CSF, brain metabolism), microglia (infection and inflammation)
    • PNS - Schwann (myelin sheath), satellite (SNS/PNS), enteric (gut)
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7
Q

components of the CNS

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord

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8
Q

cerebrum

A
  • frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe
  • primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)
  • primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe) - hearing
  • primary somatosensory cortex (parietal lobe) - sensations eg. touch
  • Wernicke’s area (periotemple area) - comprehension of speech
    • Broca’s area (frontal lobe) - productions of speech
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9
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates human movement

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10
Q

what are nerves

A
  • nerves transport to and from regions to connect to the CNS (sensory, motor or both)
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11
Q

spinal nerves

A
  • spinal nerves - come from spinal cord and go out. both sensory and motor fibres
    and exit and enter the CNS via the spinal cord
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12
Q

cranial nerves

A

nerves exit and enter the CNS via the cerebrum or brainstem can
be sensory (general and/or special) motor fibres or both sensory and motor
nerve fibre types

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13
Q

nerve fibre types

A
  • motor (efferent) vs sensory (afferent) vs both
  • general vs special
  • visceral vs somatic
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14
Q

motor and sensory

A
  • sensory fibres - from PNS to CNS (eg. touch of our skin, taste from our tongue)
  • somatic sensory (from body wall) and visceral sensory (from organs)
  • motor fibre - from CNS to PNS to effect muscles
  • somatic motor (to body wall muscles) and visceral motor (to glands or organs)
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15
Q

all possible nerve fibre types / classification

A
  • general somatic afferent
  • general visceral afferent
  • special somatic afferent
  • special visceral afferent
  • general somatic afferent
  • general visceral efferent
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16
Q

epineurium

A

wraps around the entire nerve. It is comprised of many
fascicles, arteries, veins and adipose tissue

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17
Q

perineurium nerve fibre

A

bundles many nerve filaments into fascicles

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18
Q

endoneurium nerve fibre

A

wraps around each nerve filament

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19
Q

what nerve is sense of smell

A

olfactory

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20
Q

what nerve is ability to see

A

optic

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21
Q

what nerve is ability to move and blink your eyes

A

oculomotor

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22
Q

what nerve is the ability to move your eyes up and down/ back or forth

A

trochllear

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23
Q

what nerve is sensations in your face and cheeks, taste and jaw movements

A

trigeminal

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24
Q

what nerve involves ability to move your eyes

A

abducens

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25
Q

what nerve involves facial expressions and sense of tastr

A

facial

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26
Q

what nerve involve hearing and balance

A

vestibulocochlear

27
Q

what nerve involves ability to taste and swallow

A

glossopharyngeal

28
Q

what nerve involves digestion and heart rate

29
Q

what nerve involves shoulder and neck muscle movement

30
Q

what nerve involves ability to move your tongue

A

hypoglossal

31
Q

is olfactory afferent or efferent

32
Q

is optic afferent or efferent

33
Q

cranial nerves for hearing

A

Vestibulocochlear Nerve - CN VIII

34
Q

Vestibulocochlear Nerve - CN VIII

A
  • purely sensory cranial nerve
  • combination of two nerves:
  • balance - semicircular canals and utricle and saccule
  • hearing - cochle
35
Q

cranial nerves for swallowing

A

CN V Trigeminal Nerve , CN VII Facial, CN IX Glossopharyngeal, CN X Vagus, CN XI Accessory, CN XII Hypoglossal

36
Q

CN XII Hypoglossal

A
  • motor nerve
  • general somatic efferent to the muscles of the tongue (intrinsic and majority of extrinsic)
37
Q

CN XI Accessory

A

motor nerve
- general somatic efferent to some neck muscles

38
Q

CN X Vagus

A
  • general somatic efferent to muscles of the many of the pharyngeal and velar muscles (for swallowing) and larynx ( voice)
  • general somatic afferent from the larynx and pharyngeal region as well as from the ear drum and external ear
39
Q

CN IX Glossopharyngeal

A

special visceral afferent for posterior 1/3rd of the tongue (taste)
- contain general somatic afferent (touch, pressure, pain) for pharynx and posterior tongue surfaces
- general visceral efferent fibres to the parotid saliva glands
- general somatic efferent fibres to stylopharyngeus that helps elevate the pharynx in swallowing

40
Q

CN VII Facial

A
  • general somatic efferent fibres for the muscles of face (expression and lip movement) and one
    of the small middle ear muscles that helps in the auditory protective reflex
  • general visceral efferent fibres to the glands (eg. tears and saliva)
  • special visceral afferent fibres to the anterior 2/3rd of the tongue (taste)
  • general somatic afferent from posterior ear canal
41
Q

CN V Trigeminal Nerve - mixed (3 branched) nerve

A
  • 3 branches are - Ophthalmic (CN V1 - sensory), Maxillary
    (CN V2 - sensory), Mandibular (CN V3- mixed)
  • general somatic afferent (touch, pressure, pain) sensation of the face, mucous membrane’s, and other structures of the head
  • general somatic efferent fibres to the muscles mastication
42
Q

anterior

A

front direction / toward my body
> my stomach is anterior to my spine

43
Q

posterior

A

back direction/ rear of the body
> my spine is posterior to my stomach

44
Q

superior

A

towards the head/ top of the body
> my chest is superior to my pelvis

45
Q

inferior

A

away from head/ towards feet
> my pelvis is inferior to my chest

46
Q

proximal

A

toward or nearest to point of origin of a body part
> my elbow is proximal to my wrist

47
Q

distal

A

away from trunk/ point of origin

48
Q

medial

A

towards the middle
> my nose is medial to my eye

49
Q

lateral

A

away from middle > my eye is lateral to my nose

50
Q

superficial

A

closer to / on the surface
> my skin is superficial to my bones

51
Q

deep

A

further in body/ deeper
> my bones are deep to my muscles

52
Q

what are the three planes

A

sagittal plane, horizantal/ transverse and coronel/ frontal plane

53
Q

sagittal plane

A

left/ right

54
Q

transverse

A

upper / lower

55
Q

coronel plane

A

front/ back

56
Q

flexion

A

decrease angle of body part or joint eg. bending arm

57
Q

extension

A

increase angle of body part or joint eg. stretching arm

58
Q

adduction and abduction

A
  • abduction = movement away from the body
  • adduction = movement towards the body
59
Q

rotation

A

pivot around an axis - can be whole body or just body part

60
Q

gliding

A

when 2 joints/ body part glide + causes friction eg. chewing

61
Q

circumduction

A

combo of movements conducted in circular motion

62
Q

elevation vs depression

A
  • elevation = movement in a superior direction
  • depression = movement in an inferior direction
63
Q

protraction vs retraction

A
  • protraction = push/ stick out part of a body
  • retraction = moves on a parallel plane back into original position

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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