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Anatomy and Physiology > Muscles of mastication + oral cavity M7 > Flashcards

Muscles of mastication + oral cavity M7 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the four muscles of mastication?

A
  • temporalis
  • masseter
  • medial pterygoid
  • lateral pterygoid
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2
Q

temporalis - origin

A

temporal fossa

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3
Q

temporalis - insertion

A

coronoid process and ramus of mandible

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4
Q

temporalis - actions

A

elevates and retracts mandible

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5
Q

masseter - origin

A

zygomatic arch

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6
Q

masseter - insertion

A

angle and lateral surface of ramus and mandible

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7
Q

masseter - actions

A

elevates (and slightly protrudes) mandible

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8
Q

medial pterygoid - origin

A
  • superficial head = pyramidal process of palatine bone and tuberosity of maxilla
  • deep head - medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
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9
Q

medial pterygoid - insertion

A

medial surface of ramus of mandible

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10
Q

medial pterygoid - actions

A
  • bilaterally - elevates and protrudes mandible
  • unilaterally ( with lateral pterygoid) - laterally deviates mandible to contralateral side
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11
Q

lateral pterygoid - origin

A
  • upper head - greater wing of sphenoid bone
  • lower head - lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone
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12
Q

lateral pterygoid - insertion

A

neck of condylar process of mandible, TMJ capsule and articular disc (that divides cavity into 2)

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13
Q

lateral pterygoid - actions

A
  • bilateral - protrudes mandible (and assists gravity in depressing mandible)
  • unilaterally (with medial pterygoid) - laterally deviates mandible to contralateral side
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14
Q

what are the muscles of mastication innervated by?

A

these are all innervated by the mandibular division (motor and sensory functions) of the trigeminal nerve (main sensory nerve of the face)

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15
Q

what does the oral region include?

A
  • oral cavity
  • palate
  • teeth
  • gun - gingivae
  • tongue
  • oropharyngeal isthmus (fauces)
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16
Q

what is the oral cavity divided into?

A

two parts:
1. oral cavity proper - internal to the teeth and gingivae
2. oral vestibule - between teeth and gingivae and the lips and cheeks

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17
Q

what are the functions of the oral cavity?

A
  • passage for ingested material: hold/ collect ingested material prior to swallowing + begin digestion
  • accessory airway - entrance to respiratory tract (indirectly when breathing through the mouth)
  • articulation and resonance for speech
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18
Q

what are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A
  • roof - palate
  • floor - muscles (tongue isn’t the floor but sits on it)
  • walls - anterior (lips), lateral (cheeks), posterior (oropharyngeal isthmus (fauces))
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19
Q

mucous membranes (mucosa)

A
  • lining of oral cavity - it is continuous with mucosa of oropharynx
  • contains mucous glands for lubrication
  • called gingivae whe it surrounds the teeth
  • gigivae + mucosa of the hard palate and tongue are tougher than the mucosa lining the lips and cheeks - allows for greater withstanding of abrasion from ingested material
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20
Q

lips (labia) - oral cavity

A
  • from anterior wall of the oral cavity
    - opening bw then is called oral fissure
  • formed by musculofibrous tissue
    - orbicularis oris muscle + labial muscles
    - skin - external surface
    - mucosa - internal surface
  • anchored to the gingivae by the labial frenula ( singular=frenulum)
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21
Q

lips (labia) - what are the functions?

A
  • articulation of sound and speech
  • smiling and sucking liquids
  • holding food
22
Q

oral cavity - cheeks (buccae)

A
  • form the lateral walls of the oral cavity
  • movable walls of the oral cavity and continuous with the lips
  • lined by mucosa
  • contains fat pads, muscles, nerves and the duct of the parotid gland
23
Q

cheeks (buccae) - function?

A

allow filling of the oral vestibule

24
Q

two types of palates

A

soft and hard palate

25
Q

soft palate

A
  • posterior muscular portion (uvula hanging from end)
26
Q

cleft palate

A
  • birth defect that occurs when the maxillae don’t fuse in utero
  • has implications for speech and swallowing
  • often associated with cleft lip (incomplete formation of upper lip)
  • cleft palate and lip are collective called ‘orofacial clefts’ and are classified according to location (uni or bilateral) and sverityy ( complete or incomplete)
27
Q

hard palate

A

-anterior bony portion which covers w mucosa
- has a midline ridge called palatine raphe
- has irregular folds of connective tissue
called palatine rugae > these extend
from anterior palate to area of first
premolar/ highly sensitive/ assist with
speech and swallowing
- has a bony ridge called the alveolar process (or ridge)

28
Q

alveolar ridge - what is it? why have it?

A
  • thickened part of maxillae (+ mandible for lower jaw)
  • containing tooth sockets
  • covered with gingivae
  • essential for healthy teeth and successful dental implants
  • important for articulation of alveolar consonants (eg.d/l/n/s/t/z)
29
Q

parts of the tooth

A

crown
neck
root

30
Q

what is the crown? - tooth

A

exposed part of the tooth covered by enamel

31
Q

what is the neck? - tooth

A

narrow part of the tooth bw crown and root - covered by gingivae root is the part of a tooth that is

32
Q

what is the root? - tooth

A

the part of a tooth that is embedded in the tooth sockets in the alveolar processes/ridges of the maxillae and mandible.

33
Q

what are the types of teeth?

A

incisors, canines, premolars

34
Q

what are the incisors?

A

incisors are for cutting food. 2 incisors
in each quadrant of the mouth.

35
Q

what are the canines for?

A

tearing/shredding food. 1 canine in each quadrant of the mouth.

36
Q

what are the pre-molars for?

A

crushing/grinding food. 2 premolars in each quadrant of the mouth

37
Q

what are the molars for?

A

crush/grind food. 3 molars in each quadrant of the mouth. third molars=wisdom

38
Q

tongue - what are the 2 parts?

A
  • can be divided into 2 parts, separated by a V shaped groove called sulcus terminalis
    1. oral part - anterior 2/3
    2. phrayngeal part - posterior 1/3

-anchored to the floor by the lingual frenulum

39
Q

orophrayngeal isthmus (fauces)

A
  • form from the posterior wall/ boundary of the oral cavity
  • narrow passage bw velum and tongue
  • boundary between oral cavity and oropharynx
  • bound by pillars of fauces/ faucial pillars
40
Q

what are the pillars of the oropharyngeal isthmus (fauces)?

A
  • palatoglossal arch (anterior faucial pillar)
    - palatoglossal muscles = covered in
    mucosa
    • palatopharyngeal arch (posterior faucial pillar)
      - palatopharyngeus muscle covered in
      mucosa
41
Q

what are the palatine tonsils?

A
  • aggregations of lymphoid tissues
    • first line of defence against foreign substances that are ingested or inhaled
42
Q

what are the salivary glands? what do they do?

A
  • produce approx 1- 1.5 L of saliva per day (mostly water)
  • cleans and moistens the oral cavity
  • maintains oral hygiene - antibacterial properties and neutralises acids
  • start digestion
  • mechanical - moistens food for bolus production
  • chemical - produces enzymes
  • dissolves molecules in food for tasting
43
Q

three pairs of major salivary glands

A

parotid gland
submandibular gland
sublingual gland

44
Q

parotid salivary gland

A
  • largest salivary gland
  • located superficially on the face anterior to the ear
  • produces mostly serous secretions
  • drains its secretion via the parotid duct (crosses masseter muscle) into the oral vestibule, opposite the upper second molar
45
Q

submandibular gland

A
  • produces most of the total saliva
  • located deep and inferior to the body of the mandible
  • produces a mixture of serous and mucous secretions
  • drains its secretions via submandibular duct into the oral cavity proper (under the tongue)
46
Q

sublingual gland

A
  • smallest of the major salivary glands
  • located on the floor of the oral cavity under the tongue
  • produces mainly mucous secretions
  • drains its secretions via the several sublingual ducts into the oral cavity proper (under tongue)
47
Q

salivary glands - innervation

A
  • innervated by the autonomic nervous system

parasympathetic innervation increases salivation
- facial nerve - CN VII- submandibular and sublingual glands
- glossopharyngeal nerve -CN IX- parotid gland
- fibres are carried to the glands via branches of mandibular nerve - CN V3

sympathetic innervation decreases salivation - via vasoconstriction
- results in thicker saliva that is rich in mucous - dry mouth

48
Q

what four cranial nerves that contribute to sensory innervation of oral cavity?

A
  1. trigeminal nerve - CN V
  2. facial nerve - CN VII
  3. glossopharyngeal nerve - CN XI
  4. vagus nerve - CN X
49
Q

zooming in on the trigeminal nerve…. what parts of the face relate to the maxillary/ mandibular nerve?

A
  • maxillary nerve - palate and upper lip and teeth
  • mandibular nerve- lower lip and teeth, buccal mucosa, anterior 2/3 of tongue (general sensations)
50
Q

CNs VII, IX, X Nerves

A
  • facial nerve = taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • glossopharyngeal nerve = taste and general sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue and pillars of fauces
  • vagues nerve = taste and general sensation to epiglottis and small area of tongue near epiglottis
51
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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