Axial skeleton and respiration Flashcards
functions of the vertebral column
- support head, arms and trunks
- weight bearing and posture
- scaffolding for breathing mechanisms
- protection - of the spinal cord and blood supply
attachment site of ribs and many muscles
movements of the vertebral column
saggital plane, coronal plane, transvere plane movements
sagittal plane movement
- flexion (bending forward)
- extension (bending backwards)
coronal plane movement
- lateral flexion (side bending)
- no abduction or adduction
transverse plane movements
- rotation (movement around an axis)
- no medial or lateral rotation
structure of the vertebral column - what are the 33 segments?
- 7 cervical vertebrae
- 12 thoracic vertebrae
- 5 lumbar vertebrae
- 5 sacral vertebrae
- 1 coccygeal vertebrae (fused vertebrae
made up of four)
helpful to simplify it- C7, T12, 5L, 5S, 1C
curvatures - vertebral column
- primary curvatures
- develop in utero
- thoracic and sacral are convex posteriorly - bulge out on posterior side
- secondary curvatures
- develop after birth
- cervical and lumbar are concave posteriorly
functions of the curvatures in the vertebral column
absorption of weight bearing forces during locomotion (walking) and help balance weight over lower limbs / allows more space to be at the front / helps make trunk dynamic so absorbs shock from movement
vertebral bones
vertebral canal and intervertebral foramen
vertebral canal
multiple vertebrae are joined
together the foramen makes a long tube or canal
- houses our spinal cord + protects our CNS
intervertebral foramen
- smaller spaces allow spinal
nerves to pass bw the spinal cord and body region - formed by superior and inferior vertebral notches
- structure - typical vertebrae from different regions
have different distinct characteristics
what are the spinous processes
- they stick out horizantally from the vertebral column
- space bw each spinous process
means space to extend before that they would hit each other - allows for greater extension the bigger the gap
structure of intervertebral joints
- joints are formed bw typical vertebrae bw
the body called anterior intervertebral joints - contribute 25% of the length of vertebral column
- intervertebral discs = thicker in cervical+ lumbar region
increase range of motion in these regions - allow flexion and extension
intervertebral joint - annulus fibrosis
outer laminae of fibrocartilage
- very strong
nucleus polyposis
- gelatinous hydrohillic substance
- means it will compress over time
- give shock absorbing properties
- may herniate (tear where gelatinous sub
comes out) - slipped disc - may place pressure on spinal cord/nerve
what are some of the musculature
- rectus abdominis
- transverse abdominis
- external and internal obliques
rectus abdominus
attachments
- coxal bone
- 5,6,7 costal cartilages + lower
sternum
function
- depresses lower ribs+ sternum
internal obliques
attachments
- coxal bone and lower 3 or 4 ribs
functions
- pulls the lower ribs downward
- forces the front and side of the
abdominal wall inward
- internal oblique fibres run at right
angle compared to the external oblique fibres
external obliques
attachment
- coxal bone and lower 8 ribs
function
- pulls the lower 8 ribs downward
- forces the front and side of
abdominal walls inward
what is an example of an extensor
transversus abdominis
transversus abdominis
attachments
- coxal bone, lower 3 or 4 ribs
functions
- pulls lower ribs downwards
- forces front and side of abdominal wall inward
what are some other groups - extensors
-erector spinae group - majority of the muscles of the back
-transversospinales group - runs from transverse processes to the spinous processes - helps to flex and larally extend the vertebra; column
flexor musculature - scalene muscles
- 3 paured muscles in the lateral neck
- anterior scalene, middle scalene,
posterior scalene
- anterior scalene, middle scalene,
function
- flexion at the neck
- act as an acessory muscle of respiration
nerve innervation
- cervical nerves
why do we need our respiratory system?
- to inspire (get air in) = gets oxygen into our lungs and smell
- to expire (get air out) = remove CO2, cough, speech
what is included in the upper respiratory tract?
sinuses, nose, nasal cavity and pharynx
what is included in the lower respiratory tract?
larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles
hard and soft palate
- hard palate - made up of bone - important for breaking down bolus and for speech sounds + it is also immobile
- soft palate - mobile palate + made of muscles - can widen, depress, shorten etc.
what are conchae?
covered by mucus membrane + increase surface area so they can provide a warming and humidifying air that passes through before it enters the lungs
what are sinuses?
air filled spaces that mucus drains from
nasal cavity
- extends from the external to the internal nares
- contains folds of tissue called conchae (or turbinates)
function - primary passageway for air entering the resp system + narrow passageway bw conchae ensures air comes into contact w he nasal mucosa (humidify)
pharynx
- muscular tube in the middle of the neck
- function - helps with digestion and also is a passageway for air entering the respiratory system
three types/ elements to the pharynx
- nasopharynx (closest to nasal cavity)
- oropharynx (closest to oral cavity - where food enters)
- laryngopharynx (closest to larynx)
lower respiratory tract- structure and function
- gas exchanging part of the apparatus
- pulomonary airways - larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
- lungs - alveoli, left and right lung, lobes
epiglottis
is like a lid covering over the glottis - during swallowing it will fold over and protect the glottis/ opening
larynx
- bridge bw laryngopharynx and trachea
- as we inhale air passes through the larynx
- epiglottis is like a lid covering over the glottis - during swallowing it will fold over and protect the glottis/ opening
- vocal ligaments are hit by expired air + vibrates > articulation and allows breathin
trachea
- anterior to the oesophagus
- tough and flexible tube around 12cm long
- surrounded by c-shaped cartilage rings
and gaps face posteriorly meeting at the trachealis - inferior end branches into two bronchi
where it is divided into two is called the carina
bronchi
-large tubes connecting to your trachea
- direct airflow to your lungs
- bronchioles - smaller branches of the tree bronchi tree
bronchidilation and bronchoconstriction
- bronchodilation - activated by autonomic nervous system increase > enlarges diameter of airwys therefore it decrease airway resistance and increase airflow
- bronchoconstriction - activated by the parasy pathetic of automic nervous system > reduces diameter so reduce airflow
conducting zones
- structures that don’t participate in gas exchange, but provide rigid passageways that allow air to reach alveoli
- nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchi
respiratory zones
- structures that participate in gas exchange
- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
alveoli
- alveolar sacs are cluster of alveoli
- alveoli are air filled sacs - very thin that allows for easy diffusion of gas
structure of the lungs
- organ of breathing
- pair of porous, spongy and cone shaped structures
- right lungs - superior, middle and inferior lobes left lung - superior and inferior lobes
lungs - pleural cavity, fluid and membranes
- each lung is covered by a thin membrane called visceral pleura
- inner chest wall covered by parietal pleura
- pleural fluid sits bw two layers
- ” pleural linkage” acts to connect lungs to chest wall
pleural membranes and fluid are integral to allow expansion of the ribcage to translate to expansion of the lungs
roles of pleural membrane
- Allow expansion of the ribcage and the expansion of the lungs
- Provide mechanical protection for the lungs
- Between these two membranes is pleural fluid that mechanically couples (named “Pleural linkage”) the lungs to chest wall
respiratory pathway
external nares (nostrils), nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles
