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Anatomy and Physiology > Axial skeleton and respiration > Flashcards

Axial skeleton and respiration Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the vertebral column

A
  • support head, arms and trunks
  • weight bearing and posture
  • scaffolding for breathing mechanisms
  • protection - of the spinal cord and blood supply
    attachment site of ribs and many muscles
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2
Q

movements of the vertebral column

A

saggital plane, coronal plane, transvere plane movements

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3
Q

sagittal plane movement

A
  • flexion (bending forward)
  • extension (bending backwards)
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4
Q

coronal plane movement

A
  • lateral flexion (side bending)
  • no abduction or adduction
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5
Q

transverse plane movements

A
  • rotation (movement around an axis)
  • no medial or lateral rotation
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6
Q

structure of the vertebral column - what are the 33 segments?

A
  • 7 cervical vertebrae
  • 12 thoracic vertebrae
  • 5 lumbar vertebrae
  • 5 sacral vertebrae
  • 1 coccygeal vertebrae (fused vertebrae
    made up of four)
    helpful to simplify it- C7, T12, 5L, 5S, 1C
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7
Q

curvatures - vertebral column

A
  • primary curvatures
    • develop in utero
    • thoracic and sacral are convex posteriorly - bulge out on posterior side
  • secondary curvatures
    • develop after birth
    • cervical and lumbar are concave posteriorly
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8
Q

functions of the curvatures in the vertebral column

A

absorption of weight bearing forces during locomotion (walking) and help balance weight over lower limbs / allows more space to be at the front / helps make trunk dynamic so absorbs shock from movement

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9
Q

vertebral bones

A

vertebral canal and intervertebral foramen

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10
Q

vertebral canal

A

multiple vertebrae are joined
together the foramen makes a long tube or canal
- houses our spinal cord + protects our CNS

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11
Q

intervertebral foramen

A
  • smaller spaces allow spinal
    nerves to pass bw the spinal cord and body region
  • formed by superior and inferior vertebral notches
  • structure - typical vertebrae from different regions
    have different distinct characteristics
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12
Q

what are the spinous processes

A
  • they stick out horizantally from the vertebral column
  • space bw each spinous process
    means space to extend before that they would hit each other
  • allows for greater extension the bigger the gap
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13
Q

structure of intervertebral joints

A
  • joints are formed bw typical vertebrae bw
    the body called anterior intervertebral joints
  • contribute 25% of the length of vertebral column
  • intervertebral discs = thicker in cervical+ lumbar region
    increase range of motion in these regions - allow flexion and extension
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14
Q

intervertebral joint - annulus fibrosis

A

outer laminae of fibrocartilage
- very strong

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15
Q

nucleus polyposis

A
  • gelatinous hydrohillic substance
  • means it will compress over time
  • give shock absorbing properties
  • may herniate (tear where gelatinous sub
    comes out) - slipped disc
  • may place pressure on spinal cord/nerve
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16
Q

what are some of the musculature

A
  • rectus abdominis
  • transverse abdominis
  • external and internal obliques
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17
Q

rectus abdominus

A

attachments
- coxal bone
- 5,6,7 costal cartilages + lower
sternum

function
- depresses lower ribs+ sternum

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18
Q

internal obliques

A

attachments
- coxal bone and lower 3 or 4 ribs

functions
- pulls the lower ribs downward
- forces the front and side of the
abdominal wall inward
- internal oblique fibres run at right
angle compared to the external oblique fibres

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19
Q

external obliques

A

attachment
- coxal bone and lower 8 ribs

function
- pulls the lower 8 ribs downward
- forces the front and side of
abdominal walls inward

20
Q

what is an example of an extensor

A

transversus abdominis

21
Q

transversus abdominis

A

attachments
- coxal bone, lower 3 or 4 ribs

functions
- pulls lower ribs downwards
- forces front and side of abdominal wall inward

22
Q

what are some other groups - extensors

A

-erector spinae group - majority of the muscles of the back

-transversospinales group - runs from transverse processes to the spinous processes - helps to flex and larally extend the vertebra; column

23
Q

flexor musculature - scalene muscles

A
  • 3 paured muscles in the lateral neck
    • anterior scalene, middle scalene,
      posterior scalene

function
- flexion at the neck
- act as an acessory muscle of respiration

nerve innervation
- cervical nerves

24
Q

why do we need our respiratory system?

A
  • to inspire (get air in) = gets oxygen into our lungs and smell
  • to expire (get air out) = remove CO2, cough, speech
25
Q

what is included in the upper respiratory tract?

A

sinuses, nose, nasal cavity and pharynx

26
Q

what is included in the lower respiratory tract?

A

larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles

27
Q

hard and soft palate

A
  • hard palate - made up of bone - important for breaking down bolus and for speech sounds + it is also immobile
  • soft palate - mobile palate + made of muscles - can widen, depress, shorten etc.
28
Q

what are conchae?

A

covered by mucus membrane + increase surface area so they can provide a warming and humidifying air that passes through before it enters the lungs

29
Q

what are sinuses?

A

air filled spaces that mucus drains from

30
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • extends from the external to the internal nares
  • contains folds of tissue called conchae (or turbinates)
    function - primary passageway for air entering the resp system + narrow passageway bw conchae ensures air comes into contact w he nasal mucosa (humidify)
31
Q

pharynx

A
  • muscular tube in the middle of the neck
  • function - helps with digestion and also is a passageway for air entering the respiratory system
32
Q

three types/ elements to the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx (closest to nasal cavity)
  • oropharynx (closest to oral cavity - where food enters)
  • laryngopharynx (closest to larynx)
33
Q

lower respiratory tract- structure and function

A
  • gas exchanging part of the apparatus
  • pulomonary airways - larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
  • lungs - alveoli, left and right lung, lobes
34
Q

epiglottis

A

is like a lid covering over the glottis - during swallowing it will fold over and protect the glottis/ opening

35
Q

larynx

A
  • bridge bw laryngopharynx and trachea
  • as we inhale air passes through the larynx
  • epiglottis is like a lid covering over the glottis - during swallowing it will fold over and protect the glottis/ opening
  • vocal ligaments are hit by expired air + vibrates > articulation and allows breathin
36
Q

trachea

A
  • anterior to the oesophagus
  • tough and flexible tube around 12cm long
  • surrounded by c-shaped cartilage rings
    and gaps face posteriorly meeting at the trachealis
  • inferior end branches into two bronchi
    where it is divided into two is called the carina
37
Q

bronchi

A

-large tubes connecting to your trachea
- direct airflow to your lungs
- bronchioles - smaller branches of the tree bronchi tree

38
Q

bronchidilation and bronchoconstriction

A
  • bronchodilation - activated by autonomic nervous system increase > enlarges diameter of airwys therefore it decrease airway resistance and increase airflow
  • bronchoconstriction - activated by the parasy pathetic of automic nervous system > reduces diameter so reduce airflow
39
Q

conducting zones

A
  • structures that don’t participate in gas exchange, but provide rigid passageways that allow air to reach alveoli
  • nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchi
40
Q

respiratory zones

A
  • structures that participate in gas exchange
  • respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli
41
Q

alveoli

A
  • alveolar sacs are cluster of alveoli
  • alveoli are air filled sacs - very thin that allows for easy diffusion of gas
42
Q

structure of the lungs

A
  • organ of breathing
  • pair of porous, spongy and cone shaped structures
  • right lungs - superior, middle and inferior lobes left lung - superior and inferior lobes
43
Q

lungs - pleural cavity, fluid and membranes

A
  • each lung is covered by a thin membrane called visceral pleura
  • inner chest wall covered by parietal pleura
  • pleural fluid sits bw two layers
  • ” pleural linkage” acts to connect lungs to chest wall
    pleural membranes and fluid are integral to allow expansion of the ribcage to translate to expansion of the lungs
44
Q

roles of pleural membrane

A
  • Allow expansion of the ribcage and the expansion of the lungs
  • Provide mechanical protection for the lungs
  • Between these two membranes is ​pleural fluid that mechanically couples (named “Pleural linkage”) the lungs to chest wall
45
Q

respiratory pathway

A

external nares (nostrils), nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles

46
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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