Larynx M5 Flashcards
1
Q
overall functions of the larynx
A
- protection of airways - close airway shut as we swallow so unknown/ foreign objects don’t go into respiratory structures > allows us also to cough and open airways
- enables one to hold their breath - close structures and important for things like swimming or childbirth etc.
- produces phonation - vibrating our true vocal folds
“structure leads to function”
2
Q
structure of the larynx - ANTERIOR
A
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- arytenoids
- coriculate
- cuneiform
- epiglottis
- hyoid bone - floating bone where the larynx will hang from - if lifted will stretch out
3
Q
thyrohyoid memrane role
A
connects the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage
4
Q
role of the cricothyroid ligament
A
connects the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage.
5
Q
what are vestibules? and ventricles?
A
- vestibule means opening of space within the human body
- ventricle is a smaller space
6
Q
what does the glottis house?
A
vocal folds
7
Q
upper section - larynx
A
- composed of quadrangular membrane (sits bw edge of aryntnoids and epiglottis - helps form vestibule and ventricle) and ventricular ligament (makes bottom quite tight and helps make the ventricular space)
8
Q
larynx structure - lower section
A
conus elasticus (really important for vibrations coming up from lungs - hitting that glottis)
9
Q
vocal folds
A
- true vocal fold sit inferiorly to the false vocal folds
- one for speaking and one for protection
- false vocal folds - safety mechanism for when foreign objects/fluid enter respiratory systems
true vocal cords made for speaking
10
Q
what are the regions and spaces of the larynx
A
- supraglottal region
- rimma glottis
- subglottal anitum
- pyriform sulcus
11
Q
supraglottal region of the larynx
A
(vestibule of larynx)
- false vocal cords - walls
- laryngeal venricle - space
12
Q
rimma glottis of the larynx
A
- between true vocal folds (walls)
13
Q
subglottal anitum of the larynx
A
- below true vocal folds
- conus elasticus (walls)
14
Q
pyriform sulcus of the larynx
A
- lateral to aditus laryngis
- allows for fluids to bypass larynx between swallows
- transit for food and liquids during swallowing
15
Q
false vocal folds
A
- false vocal folds or ventricular folds sit just above the true vocal cords and help prevent food or foreign objects from entering the trachea when going to swallow
- formed by draping of muscosa over the medial and borders of the vestibular ligaments
16
Q
true vocal folds
A
vocal ligaments formed by superficial border of the conus elasticus
17
Q
structure of the true vocal folds
A
> cover: epithelium, superficial layer of lamina propria, intermediate layer of lamina propria
body: deep layer of lamina propria and muscle
18
Q
vocal cords from a superior view
A
> membranous part (anterior) lies between thyroid cartilage and tips of vocal processes of aryntenoid cartilages: occupies 60% of the length
cartiliginous part (posterior) lies bw vocal processes and most rearward point on medial surface of arytenoid cartillages occupies 40% of length
18
Q
vocal fold movements
A
- breathe in and out - we abduct true vocal
folds - speaking - needs vibration so will adduct vocal cords
19
Q
cricoarytenoid joints
A
- between arytenoid cartilages and the cricoid cartilage
- allows the vocal folds to open or close to varying degrees
> allows adduction/ abduction
> medial compression
20
Q
movement of cricothyroid joint
A
- between thyroid and cricoid cartilages
- rotation and gliding movements
- pitch changes
movement will change sound produced
by stretching and relaxing vocal folds
21
Q
glottis
A
- combination of true vocal folds and the space
between the folds; the rima glottis - forced respiration - recruit more active muscles and need to open up muscles more - widen the space so more air can move
22
Q
what are the laryngeal musculature divided into??
A
intrinsic laryngeal muscles
extrinsic laryngeal musculature system
23
Q
what is intrinsic laryngeal muscle?
A
- make fine adjustments associated with control of phonation
- when muscles contract the muscle fibres will be shortened
- muscles that have both origin and insertion on laryngeal cartilages
-innervation is by branches of the Vagus nerve (CN X)
24
intrinsic laryngeal muscles - major function
open/ close vocal folds, tense/ relax vocal folds
25
major types of these intrinsic laryngeal muscles
adductors/ abductor, tensors/ relaxers, auxiliary musculature
26
extrinsic laryngeal muscular system
- works as a unit to allow for laryngeal elevation and depression - makes fine adjustments
- muscle have one attachment on a non laryngeal structure
- major types: hyoid/ laryngeal elevators and hyoid/ laryngeal depressors
27
vocal fold adjustments during speech
- adduction - folds brought together for phonation (voiced sounds)
- abduction - folds separated for voiceless sounds and breathing (rest position)
- length change - change in tension of vocal folds
28
vocal fold adduction
- movement of folds towards the midline
- lateral cricoarytenoid muscles adduct the anterior 2/3's of the vocal folds
- arytenoid muscles adduct the posterior 1/3 of the vocal folds
- once fully approximated, the amount of medial contact can be adjusted by contraction of the thyroarytenoid muscles
- the force of contact (squeeze) can be adjusted by the lateral cricoarytenoid and arytenoid muscles
29
adductor - lateral cricoarytenoid = attachment
lateral margins of cricoid cartilage and muscular processes of arytenoid cartilages
30
adductor - lateral cricoarytenoid = functions and actions
- action - will close the glottis
- functions - swings arytenoid forward and down in adduction/ adducts vocal folds - increase medial compression
31
examples of adductors
lateral cricoarytenoid
arytenoid muscles
32
adductor - arytenoid muscles = attachments
- oblique and transverse parts
- attachments - left and right arytenoid cartilages: transverse A runs horizontally bw arytenoids and oblique A connects arytenoids in X shape
33
adductor - arytenoid muscles = action + function
- action - closes glottis
- function - draw arytenoids together posteriorly and adducts vocal folds
34
vocal fold abduction
- movement of vocal folds away from the midline
- posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are primary abductors
- another much weaker abductory force can be exerted through a downward pull on the conus elasticus (tracheal tug)
35
abductor - posterior cricoarytenoid
ACTION and FUNCTION
- action - opens glottis
- function - rotate arytenoids and separate vocal folds and ABDUCTS true vocal folds
36
abductor - posterior cricoarytenoid
ATTACHMENTS
attachments - posterior cricoid cartilage (laminae) / arytenoid cartilages (muscular processes)
37
vocal fold length change
- can be mediated through the cricothyroid joints
- vocal folds lengthen with contraction of the cricothyroid muscles and shorten with contraction of thyroarytenoid muscles
38
tensor - cricothyroid muscles - ATTACHMENTS
- attachments - anterior cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage (inferior aspects)
39
thyroarytenoid muscles - tensor
- attachments - internal thyroid cartilage (near notch) and to arytenoid cartilage
- broken down into - VOCALIS part and MUSCULARIS part
39
tensor - cricothyroid muscles - ACTION AND FUNCTION
- action - stretches and thins the vocal folds (tenses)
- tilts the thyroid cartilage on the cricoid - vocal folds stretched (tension will increase) and pitch changes
40
tensor - thyrovocalis - above vocalis
ATTACHMENT AND STRUCTURE
- part of THYROARYTENOID muscle - inner aspect
- attachments - internal aspect of thyroid cartilage (near notch), vocal process on the arytenoid cartilage and vocal ligament
41
tensor - thyrovocalis - above vocalis
ACTION AND FUNCTION
- action - tension in vocal folds
- function - changes tension in body of vocal folds and modifies sound produced
42
tensor - thyromuscularis - abv. muscularis
ATTACHMENT AND STRUCTURE
- part of THYROARYTENOID muscle - inner aspect
- attachments - internal aspect thyroid cartilage, muscular processes of arytenoid cartilage
43
tensor - thyromuscularis - abv. muscularis
ACTION AND FUNCTION
- action - tensions change in vocal folds
- pull arytenoid toward thyroid cartilage
action - shortens or bulks up vocal folds
44
ventricular folds
configuration and position changes, with possible contributions of upward extending fibres of aryepiglottic and thyroepiglottic muscles
45
epiglottis adjustment
- configuration and position changes, with possible contributions of aryepiglottic muscles and movements of other structures
1. thyroepiglottic muscle
- thyroid cartilage to epiglottic
- dilates airway - opens
2. aryepiglottic muscle
- arytenoids to epiglottis
- constricts aditus laryingis
46
laryngeal housing adjustments
upward/ downward and forward/ backward adjustments of laryngeal housing by extrinsic and supplemental muscles
47
hyoid and laryngeal elevators
RAISES THE LARYNX
- suprahyoid muscles= stylohyoid, mylohyoid, genionhyoid/ hyoglossus, digastric (anterior and posterior bellies)
- elevates laryngeal aditus so epiglottis can cover it (during swallowing)
- raising larynx can cause tension to increase in the conus elasticus (pitch may increase)
48
hyoid and laryngeal depressors
LOWERING LARYNX
- infrahyoid muscles = thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid
- tension may reduce in conus elasticus - pitch may decrease
49
what is the purpose of the intrinsic muscles?
- adduct/ abduct vocal folds
- change vocal fold length
- change vocal fold tension/ stiffness
50
what is the purpose of the extrinsic and supplementary muscles?
- support larynx by fixing position
- raise and lower larynx - can indirectly abduct vocal folds and change their length and stiffness/ tension
51
vagus nerve - CN X
- branches of the vagus nerve - superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve
- innervate the larynx
52
vagus nerve - motor innervation
- recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, except the cricothyroid, which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve
53
vagus nerve - sensory innervation
- the mucosa above the vocal folds is innervated by branches of the superior laryngeal nerve; the mucosa below the vocal fold is innervated by a branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve
