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Anatomy and Physiology > Larynx M5 > Flashcards

Larynx M5 Flashcards

1
Q

overall functions of the larynx

A
  • protection of airways - close airway shut as we swallow so unknown/ foreign objects don’t go into respiratory structures > allows us also to cough and open airways
  • enables one to hold their breath - close structures and important for things like swimming or childbirth etc.
  • produces phonation - vibrating our true vocal folds

“structure leads to function”

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2
Q

structure of the larynx - ANTERIOR

A
  • thyroid cartilage
  • cricoid cartilage
  • arytenoids
  • coriculate
  • cuneiform
  • epiglottis
  • hyoid bone - floating bone where the larynx will hang from - if lifted will stretch out
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3
Q

thyrohyoid memrane role

A

connects the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage

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4
Q

role of the cricothyroid ligament

A

connects the cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage.

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5
Q

what are vestibules? and ventricles?

A
  • vestibule means opening of space within the human body
  • ventricle is a smaller space
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6
Q

what does the glottis house?

A

vocal folds

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7
Q

upper section - larynx

A
  • composed of quadrangular membrane (sits bw edge of aryntnoids and epiglottis - helps form vestibule and ventricle) and ventricular ligament (makes bottom quite tight and helps make the ventricular space)
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8
Q

larynx structure - lower section

A

conus elasticus (really important for vibrations coming up from lungs - hitting that glottis)

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9
Q

vocal folds

A
  • true vocal fold sit inferiorly to the false vocal folds
  • one for speaking and one for protection
  • false vocal folds - safety mechanism for when foreign objects/fluid enter respiratory systems
    true vocal cords made for speaking
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10
Q

what are the regions and spaces of the larynx

A
  • supraglottal region
  • rimma glottis
  • subglottal anitum
  • pyriform sulcus
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11
Q

supraglottal region of the larynx

A

(vestibule of larynx)
- false vocal cords - walls
- laryngeal venricle - space

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12
Q

rimma glottis of the larynx

A
  • between true vocal folds (walls)
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13
Q

subglottal anitum of the larynx

A
  • below true vocal folds
  • conus elasticus (walls)
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14
Q

pyriform sulcus of the larynx

A
  • lateral to aditus laryngis
  • allows for fluids to bypass larynx between swallows
  • transit for food and liquids during swallowing
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15
Q

false vocal folds

A
  • false vocal folds or ventricular folds sit just above the true vocal cords and help prevent food or foreign objects from entering the trachea when going to swallow
  • formed by draping of muscosa over the medial and borders of the vestibular ligaments
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16
Q

true vocal folds

A

vocal ligaments formed by superficial border of the conus elasticus

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17
Q

structure of the true vocal folds

A

> cover: epithelium, superficial layer of lamina propria, intermediate layer of lamina propria
body: deep layer of lamina propria and muscle

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18
Q

vocal cords from a superior view

A

> membranous part (anterior) lies between thyroid cartilage and tips of vocal processes of aryntenoid cartilages: occupies 60% of the length
cartiliginous part (posterior) lies bw vocal processes and most rearward point on medial surface of arytenoid cartillages occupies 40% of length

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18
Q

vocal fold movements

A
  • breathe in and out - we abduct true vocal
    folds
  • speaking - needs vibration so will adduct vocal cords
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19
Q

cricoarytenoid joints

A
  • between arytenoid cartilages and the cricoid cartilage
  • allows the vocal folds to open or close to varying degrees
    > allows adduction/ abduction
    > medial compression
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20
Q

movement of cricothyroid joint

A
  • between thyroid and cricoid cartilages
  • rotation and gliding movements
  • pitch changes

movement will change sound produced
by stretching and relaxing vocal folds

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21
Q

glottis

A
  • combination of true vocal folds and the space
    between the folds; the rima glottis
  • forced respiration - recruit more active muscles and need to open up muscles more - widen the space so more air can move
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22
Q

what are the laryngeal musculature divided into??

A

intrinsic laryngeal muscles
extrinsic laryngeal musculature system

23
Q

what is intrinsic laryngeal muscle?

A
  • make fine adjustments associated with control of phonation
  • when muscles contract the muscle fibres will be shortened
  • muscles that have both origin and insertion on laryngeal cartilages
    -innervation is by branches of the Vagus nerve (CN X)
24
Q

intrinsic laryngeal muscles - major function

A

open/ close vocal folds, tense/ relax vocal folds

25
Q

major types of these intrinsic laryngeal muscles

A

adductors/ abductor, tensors/ relaxers, auxiliary musculature

26
Q

extrinsic laryngeal muscular system

A
  • works as a unit to allow for laryngeal elevation and depression - makes fine adjustments
  • muscle have one attachment on a non laryngeal structure
  • major types: hyoid/ laryngeal elevators and hyoid/ laryngeal depressors
27
Q

vocal fold adjustments during speech

A
  • adduction - folds brought together for phonation (voiced sounds)
  • abduction - folds separated for voiceless sounds and breathing (rest position)
  • length change - change in tension of vocal folds
28
Q

vocal fold adduction

A
  • movement of folds towards the midline
  • lateral cricoarytenoid muscles adduct the anterior 2/3’s of the vocal folds
  • arytenoid muscles adduct the posterior 1/3 of the vocal folds
  • once fully approximated, the amount of medial contact can be adjusted by contraction of the thyroarytenoid muscles
  • the force of contact (squeeze) can be adjusted by the lateral cricoarytenoid and arytenoid muscles
29
Q

adductor - lateral cricoarytenoid = attachment

A

lateral margins of cricoid cartilage and muscular processes of arytenoid cartilages

30
Q

adductor - lateral cricoarytenoid = functions and actions

A
  • action - will close the glottis
  • functions - swings arytenoid forward and down in adduction/ adducts vocal folds - increase medial compression
31
Q

examples of adductors

A

lateral cricoarytenoid
arytenoid muscles

32
Q

adductor - arytenoid muscles = attachments

A
  • oblique and transverse parts
  • attachments - left and right arytenoid cartilages: transverse A runs horizontally bw arytenoids and oblique A connects arytenoids in X shape
33
Q

adductor - arytenoid muscles = action + function

A
  • action - closes glottis
  • function - draw arytenoids together posteriorly and adducts vocal folds
34
Q

vocal fold abduction

A
  • movement of vocal folds away from the midline
  • posterior cricoarytenoid muscles are primary abductors
  • another much weaker abductory force can be exerted through a downward pull on the conus elasticus (tracheal tug)
35
Q

abductor - posterior cricoarytenoid
ACTION and FUNCTION

A
  • action - opens glottis
  • function - rotate arytenoids and separate vocal folds and ABDUCTS true vocal folds
36
Q

abductor - posterior cricoarytenoid
ATTACHMENTS

A

attachments - posterior cricoid cartilage (laminae) / arytenoid cartilages (muscular processes)

37
Q

vocal fold length change

A
  • can be mediated through the cricothyroid joints
  • vocal folds lengthen with contraction of the cricothyroid muscles and shorten with contraction of thyroarytenoid muscles
38
Q

tensor - cricothyroid muscles - ATTACHMENTS

A
  • attachments - anterior cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage (inferior aspects)
39
Q

thyroarytenoid muscles - tensor

A
  • attachments - internal thyroid cartilage (near notch) and to arytenoid cartilage
  • broken down into - VOCALIS part and MUSCULARIS part
39
Q

tensor - cricothyroid muscles - ACTION AND FUNCTION

A
  • action - stretches and thins the vocal folds (tenses)
  • tilts the thyroid cartilage on the cricoid - vocal folds stretched (tension will increase) and pitch changes
40
Q

tensor - thyrovocalis - above vocalis
ATTACHMENT AND STRUCTURE

A
  • part of THYROARYTENOID muscle - inner aspect
  • attachments - internal aspect of thyroid cartilage (near notch), vocal process on the arytenoid cartilage and vocal ligament
41
Q

tensor - thyrovocalis - above vocalis
ACTION AND FUNCTION

A
  • action - tension in vocal folds
  • function - changes tension in body of vocal folds and modifies sound produced
42
Q

tensor - thyromuscularis - abv. muscularis
ATTACHMENT AND STRUCTURE

A
  • part of THYROARYTENOID muscle - inner aspect
  • attachments - internal aspect thyroid cartilage, muscular processes of arytenoid cartilage
43
Q

tensor - thyromuscularis - abv. muscularis
ACTION AND FUNCTION

A
  • action - tensions change in vocal folds
  • pull arytenoid toward thyroid cartilage
    action - shortens or bulks up vocal folds
44
Q

ventricular folds

A

configuration and position changes, with possible contributions of upward extending fibres of aryepiglottic and thyroepiglottic muscles

45
Q

epiglottis adjustment

A
  • configuration and position changes, with possible contributions of aryepiglottic muscles and movements of other structures
    1. thyroepiglottic muscle
      - thyroid cartilage to epiglottic
      - dilates airway - opens
    2. aryepiglottic muscle
      - arytenoids to epiglottis
      • constricts aditus laryingis
46
Q

laryngeal housing adjustments

A

upward/ downward and forward/ backward adjustments of laryngeal housing by extrinsic and supplemental muscles

47
Q

hyoid and laryngeal elevators

A

RAISES THE LARYNX
- suprahyoid muscles= stylohyoid, mylohyoid, genionhyoid/ hyoglossus, digastric (anterior and posterior bellies)
- elevates laryngeal aditus so epiglottis can cover it (during swallowing)
- raising larynx can cause tension to increase in the conus elasticus (pitch may increase)

48
Q

hyoid and laryngeal depressors

A

LOWERING LARYNX
- infrahyoid muscles = thyrohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, sternothyroid
- tension may reduce in conus elasticus - pitch may decrease

49
Q

what is the purpose of the intrinsic muscles?

A
  • adduct/ abduct vocal folds
  • change vocal fold length
  • change vocal fold tension/ stiffness
50
Q

what is the purpose of the extrinsic and supplementary muscles?

A
  • support larynx by fixing position
  • raise and lower larynx - can indirectly abduct vocal folds and change their length and stiffness/ tension
51
Q

vagus nerve - CN X

A
  • branches of the vagus nerve - superior laryngeal nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • innervate the larynx
52
Q

vagus nerve - motor innervation

A
  • recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates all the intrinsic laryngeal muscles, except the cricothyroid, which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve
53
Q

vagus nerve - sensory innervation

A
  • the mucosa above the vocal folds is innervated by branches of the superior laryngeal nerve; the mucosa below the vocal fold is innervated by a branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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