thorax Flashcards
other name for the armpit
axillary fossa
what covers the pectorals major
pectoral fascia
where is deltoid muscle
shoulder
what is the tail of the breast called
axillary process
how many ribs do we have
12
which ribs articualte with the sternum
1-7
which ribs articlate with the cartilage above (costal margin)
8-10
which ribs are ‘floating’
11-12
which rib does the clavicle lie over
rib 1
which ribs costal cartilage articualtes with the sternum
rib 2
what are the parts of the sternum superior to inferior
- manubrium
- sternal angle
- body
- xiphoid process
what does costal cartilage do
join rib to sternal angle
look at image
what is the doorway between thoracic cavity and the neck region
superior thoracic aperture
where does the scapula descend across
rib 2 to rib 7
parts of the rib
- head
- neck
- tubercle
what does the radiate ligament of the rib do
joins the head of the rib to two vertebral bodies and the interposed intervertebral disc
what does the superior costotransverse ligament join
the crest of the neck of the rib to the transverse process above
what is external intercosal innervated by
intercostal nerve
what is main action of external intercostal
during forced inspiration: elevates ribs
what is internal intercostal inervated by
intercostal nerve
what is main action of internal intercostal muslce
during forced respiration: depresses ribs
where is subclavian vein located
between rib 1 and clavicle
where does the intnernal thoracic artery arise from
subclavian artery
what is major muscle of respiration
diaphgragm
what are the muscle involved in active inspiration
- sternoclamastoid
- desceding trapezius
- pectoralis minor
- scalenes
what are the muscles involed in active expiration
- sternoclamastoid
- descending trapezius
- scalenes
how many lobes does right lung have
3
how is superior lobe separated from middle lobe (right lung)
horizontal fissure
how is middle lobe separated from inferior lobe (right lung)
oblique fissure
how many lobes does left lung have
2
how are lobes separated in left lung
oblique fissure
what does the right braciocephalic vein become
right subclavian vein
what does the right vagus nerve go over
right subclavian artery
what does the superior vena cava split into
right brachiocephalic vein
and
left brachiocephalic vein
what is special feature of left lung
lingula
what does left braciocephalic vein split into
left subclavian vein
and
internal jugular vein
what does the left lung have due to the presence of the heart
cardiac notch
where is apex of the heart
5th intercostal spcae at the left midclavicualr line
what are the parts of the pharynx superior to inferior
- naso
- oro
- laryngo
what is cardiac tamponade
heart is comprimised by the fluid outside the heart but inside the pericardial cavity
where is cervical pleura located in lungs
top
why is the right lung larger and heavier than the left lung
right dome of the diaphragm is higher
what are the 3 surfaces of the lung
- costal
- mediastinal
- diaphragmatic
how many bronchi in right lung
10
how many segmental bronchi in left
8
what are the bronchopulmonary segements called in right lung
superior lobe:
- apical
- posterior
- anterior
middle lobe:
- lateral
- medial
inferior lobe
- superior
- anteiror basal
- medial basal
- lateral basal
- posterior basal
what are the bronchopulmonary segements called in left lung
superior lobe
- apicoposterior
- anterior
- superior lingular
- inferior lingular
inferior lobe
- anterior basal
- medial baal
- lateral basal
- posterior basal
what does trachae bifurcate into
what bronchi is more lateral and wider
right
where is apisrated foreign bodies more likely to lodge the right or left bronchi
right
what does the right bronchus give off before entering the hilium
right superior lobe bronchus
what does right main bronchus give off after entering hilum
right middle and inferior lobe bronchi
what does left main bronchus divide into
left superior and left inferior lobar bronchi
what bifurcation point of trachea called
carina
what condition causes abnormally dilated bronchi
bronchiectasis
what does the pulmonary trunk divide into
right pulmonary artery
and
left pulmonary artery
what does pulmonary plexus recieve sympathetic and parasympathetic from
sympathetic contributions
where does phrenic nerve pass over or under lung
over lung
is visceral pleura sensitive to pain
no
whats most anterior trachea or oesophagus
trachea
what are the 4 heart valves called
- aortic
- pulmonary
- tricuspid
- mitral
what does it mean if percussion is resonant
air filled
what does it mean if percussion is dull
what does it mean if percussion is flat sound
solid
what 2 things join to make the superior vena cava
right brachiocephalic vein
and
left brachiocephalic vein
what are the 3 things that come off the arch of aorta from right to left
- brachiocephalic trunk
- left common carotid
- left subclavian
from medial to lateral on right side what is order of arteries, veins, nerves
- right common carotid
- right vagus nerve
- right internal jugular vein
- right phrenic nerve
what 2 things make the brachiocephalic vein
subclavian vein
and
internal jugular
where does the phrenic nerve go to
into the diaphragm
look at diagram
where do internal thoracic arteries arise
from the subclavian arteries
what does the right brachiocephalic vein become
superior vena cava
what ligament is behind arch of aorta
ligamentum arteriosum
what loops under arch of aorta
left recurrent larygneal nerve
where does ligamentum arteriosum pass
from the origin of the left pulmonary artery to the arch of the aorta
where do the great cardiac veins drain into
coronary sinus
where do the pulmonary veins enter
left atrium
where does the superior and inferior vena cava join the heart
at the right atrium
what layer of pericardium cover the heart
epicardium
how many great vessels need to be cut to remove the heart from pericardium
8
what does oesophagus run alongside
aorta
3 great vessels at top of heart what are they right to left
- superior vena cava
- aorta
- pulmonary trunk
what is the cycle of blood flow
- inferior and superior vena cava into right atrium
- right ventricle
- pulmonary trunk
- pulmonary arteries
- lungs
- pulmonary veins
- left atrium
- left ventricle
- ascending aorta
- arch of aorta
- thoracic aorta
- abdominal aorta
where does right coronary artery run
in coronary sulcus
what does the right coronary artery anastomose with
circumflex branch of left coronray artery
what supplies the SA node from the right coronary artery
right atrial branch
what is the main venous drainage vessel of the heart
coronary sinus
where does the coronary sinus drain
into right atrium
what does left coronary artery split into
circumflex branch
and
LAD
what does damage to AV node cause
heart block
during diastole is pulmonary and aortic valve open or closed
closed
during diastole are mitral and tricuspid valves open or closed
closed
during systole are aortic and pulmonary valves open or clsoed
open
during systole are mitral and tricuspid valves open or closed
closed
what is stenosis
narrowing
the failure of the valve to open properly
what is regurgitation
failure of the valve to to close completely
what can incomplete closure of oval foarmen cause
atrial septal defect
what is the entrance to left atrium
pulmonary veins
what is the exit of left artium
mirtal valve
exit of left ventricle
aortic valve
what do the papillary muscles do
control the adjacent halves of the mitral valve with. tnedinous cords
what are tendinous cord connected to
papillary muscles
what valves are atrioventricular
- tricuspid
- mitral
what valves are semilunar
- aortic
- pulmonary
what valves have tendinous cords
- tricuspid
- mitral
when do the coronary arteries fill
during diastole
where is thymus located
above ascending aorta
what is the first nerve, artery of vein beside trachea
recurrent laryngeal nerve
what does the right vagus give off
right recurrent laryngeal nerve
where does right recurrent laryngeal go
passes medially to reach trachea and oesophagus
what pain does aortic aneurysm cause
chest pain that radiates to back
what does the thymus play an important role in
development and maintenance of immune system
look at diagram
is the thymus the most superficial
yes
whats more superficial oesophagus or trachea
trachea
what does right recurrent laryngeal hook under
right subclavian artery
what does left recurrent laryngeal hook under
arch of aorta
where is ligamentum arteriosum
comess of arch of aorta
where does diaphragmatic pain go and why
to root of neck and over shoulder
because of C3-5 dermatomes
how does oesophagus enter diaphragm
through oeosphgeal hiatus
what are the anterior relations of oeosphagus superior to inferior
- trachea
- right and left bronchi
- inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes
- pericardium
- diaphragm
what does the arch of the azygous vein go over
right main bronchus
when a foreign body is swalled where is it most likely to lodge and cause a stricture
- arch of aorta
- left main bronchus
- oesphageal hiatus
whats bigger trachea or oesophagus
trachea
where is thyroid gland
at top of trachea (kinda)
how many branches does thoracic aorta have
11
what is left and what is right between thoracic aorta and azygous vein
- left = thoracic aorta
- right = azygous vein
what is between thoracic aorta and azygous vein
thoracic duct
where does thoracic duct enter the venous system
at the left internal juglar and subclavian veins
= left venous angle
how is the right lympatic duct formed
right jugular + subclavian + bronchomediastinal trunks
what is the right side of the mediastinum dominated by
arch of azygous vein and superior vena cava
right side is blue = deoxygenated
are the trachea and oesophagus seen on right side
yes
where does the right vagus nerve descend
over surface of trachea
where does right vagus nerve enter
oesophageal plexus
what is the left side of the mediastinum dominated by
arch and descending aorta
mostly red = oxygenated blood
is trachea visible
no
what does the recurrent laryngeal branch off from
vagus nerve
how is the thoracic sympathetic trunk connected to each intercostal space
by rami communicantes
how is greater splanchnic nerve formed
by fibres from 5th to 10th thoracic sympathetic ganlgia
what does azygous vein drain into
superior vena cava
look at pages 284 to 289 for imaging
look at pages 284 to 289 for imaging
where is the level of jugular notch
T2
what is easily fractured during CPR
xiphoid process
what level is the sternal angle
rib 2
