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anatomy > cardiology > Flashcards

cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 parts of mediastinum

A
  • anterior
  • middle
  • posterior
  • superior
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2
Q

where is the anterior mediastinum

A

between sternum and fibrous pericardium

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3
Q

what is found in the anterior mediastinum

A

thymus

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4
Q

what does middle mediastinum contain

A

heart and parts of the great vessel

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5
Q

what does the posterior mediastinum contain

A
  • azygous vein
  • sympathetic chain
  • thoracic duct
  • vagus nerve
  • trachea
  • 2 main bronchi
  • thoracic aorta
  • oesophagus
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6
Q

what does the superior mediastinum contain

A

brachiocephalic veins

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7
Q

what are the layers of the heart

A
  • fibrous pericardium
  • pericardial cavity
  • visceral pericardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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8
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium

A

outer most layer

protective

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9
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium lined by

A

parietal serous pericardium

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10
Q

what does the pericardial cavity contain

A

pericardial fluid

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11
Q

what is another name for visceral pericardium

A

epicardium

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12
Q

what does visceral pericardium secrete

A

pericardial fluid

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13
Q

what lines visceral pericardium

A

simple squamous epithelium = mesothelium

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14
Q

what is myocardium

A

thick muscle layer

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15
Q

what does myocardium contain

A

intercalated disc

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16
Q

what is endocardium

A

inner endothelial lining

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17
Q

what are the borders of the heart

A
  • right lateral
  • left lateral
  • interior
  • superior
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18
Q

what is at the right lateral border

A

right atrium

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19
Q

what is at the left lateral border

A

left ventricle

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20
Q

what is at the inferior border

A

right ventricle

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21
Q

what is at the superior border

A

great vessels

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22
Q

what are the 3 surfaces of the heart

A

anterior
base
inferior

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23
Q

where is apex of the heart

A

5th intercostal space mid-clavicular line on left side of chest

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24
Q

look at diagram of vessels

A

look at diagram of vessels

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25
Q

where is the azygous vein

A

the neuromuscular bundle between the ribs

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26
Q

how is the neuromuscular bundle arranged

A 
vein 
artery 
nerve 
VAN 
(superior to inferior )
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27
Q

what is contained in the neuromuscular bundle

A

intercostal veins
azygous vein
SVC

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28
Q

where does right lymphatic duct drain

A

into right venous angle

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29
Q

where does thoracic duct drain

A

left venous angle

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30
Q

what types of lymphatic vessels is there

A

deep and superficial

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31
Q

what are the lymph nodes in the lung

A
  • tracheo-bronchial

- bronchopulmonary

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32
Q

what is the cisterna chyli

A

swollen start of thoracic duct below the diaphragm

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33
Q

what are the 4 cardiac chambers

A
  • right atrium
  • right ventricle
  • left atrium
  • left ventricle
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34
Q

what does right atrium have at the top

A

auricle

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35
Q

what is the fossa ovale

A

remnant of foramen ovale

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36
Q

where is SA node located

A

right atrium

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37
Q

where are the papillary muscles

A

right ventricle

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38
Q

what do the papillary muscles attached to

A

chordae tendineae

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39
Q

what is the infundibulum

A

aka conus arterioles

cone shaped outflow tract of right ventricle

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40
Q

which chamber has the thickest myocardium

A

left ventricle

41
Q

what are the 4 heart valves

A
  • tricuspid
  • pulmonary
  • mitral
  • aorta
42
Q

where is the tricuspid valve

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

43
Q

what valve is the tricuspid valve

A

AV

44
Q

where is the pulmonary valve

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary artery

45
Q

what type of valve is pulmonary valve

A

semilunar valve

46
Q

where is the mitral valve

A

between left atrium and left ventricle

47
Q

what type of valve is the mitral valve

A

AV valve

48
Q

where is the aortic valve

A

between left ventricle and the aorta

49
Q

what type of valve is the aortic valve

A

semilunar valve

50
Q

what does shutting of AV valve produce

A

S1 (Lub)

51
Q

what does shutting of semilunar valves produce

A

S2 (dub)

52
Q

where is the chordae tendineae found

A

on tricuspid and mitral valve

53
Q

what does chordae tendinae connect

A

valve to the papillary muscles

54
Q

what does contraction of papillary muscles prevent

A

regurgitation of blood through the valves

55
Q

where do you hear the aortic valve best

A

second right intercostal space

56
Q

where do you heart the pulmonary valve best

A

second left intercostal space

57
Q

where do you heart the tricuspid valve best

A

fourth left intercostal space at left lower sternal border

58
Q

where do you heart the mitral valve best

A

fifth left intercostal space mid clavicular line

59
Q

what is the route of blood flow

A
  1. SVC
  2. right atrium
  3. tricuspid valve
  4. right ventricle
  5. pulmonary valve
  6. pulmonary arteries
  7. lungs
  8. pulmonary vein
  9. left atrium
  10. mitral valve
  11. left ventricle
  12. aortic valve
  13. aorta
  14. body
60
Q

what are the main coronary arteries

A
  • right coronary
  • right marginal
  • left coronary
  • left circumflex
  • left anterior descending
  • left marginal
61
Q

what is coronary sulcus for

A

venous drainage

62
Q

what is the pattern of most patients blood

A

right dominant pattern meaning most of their heart is supplied by right coronary artery

63
Q

what are the most common arteries affected by atherosclerosis

A
  • LAD
  • right coronary
  • left circumflex
64
Q

what leads of ECG are anteroseptal

A

V1-V4

65
Q

what coronary artery is blocked in anteroseptal MI (V1-V4)

A

LAD

66
Q

what leads are blocked in inferior MI

A

II
III
aVF

67
Q

what coronary arteries are blocked in inferior MI

A

right coronary

68
Q

what leads show anterolateral MI

A

V4-V6

aVL

69
Q

what coronary arteries are blocked in anterolateral MI

A

LAD/left coronary

70
Q

what leads show lateral MI

A

I
aVL
V5-V6

71
Q

what coronary arteries are blocked in lateral MI

A

left circumflex

72
Q

what is CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

73
Q

what is CABG used for

A

to restore blood flow to a coronary artery obstructed by atherosclerosis

74
Q

what are commonly used grafts in CABG

A
  • great saphenous vein
  • radial artery
  • internal thoracic artery
75
Q

what is the phrenic nerve

A

C3,4,5

76
Q

what is the phrenic nerve to diaphragm

A

somatic motor

77
Q

what is the phrenic nerve to fibrous pericardium

A

somatic sensory and sympathetic axons

78
Q

how does phrenic nerve travel compared to the heart

A

lateral

79
Q

what does the phrenic nerve travel with

A

IVC

80
Q

what riddle is used for phrenic nerve

A

C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive

81
Q

what does the vagus nerve travel through the diaphragm with

A

oesophagus

82
Q

what innervation is vagus nerve to mucous lining of larynx

A

somatic sensory

83
Q

what are the branches of vagus nerve

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve (right and left)

84
Q

where does right recurrent laryngeal nerve go

A

hooks under subclavian

85
Q

does the right recurrent laryngeal enter the chest

A

no

86
Q

where does left recurrent laryngeal nerve go

A

hooks under arch of the aorta

87
Q

does left recurrent laryngeal nerve go into the chest

A

yes

88
Q

what position does patient need to be in for JVP to be evident

A

at 45 degrees lying down

89
Q

what is characteristic of JVP

A

double pulsation

90
Q

what outflow does sympathetic nerves have

A

thoracolumbar

91
Q

what are the post-synaptic nerves of sympathetic chain

A

cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

92
Q

what outflow does the parasympathetic chain have

A

cranio-sacral outflow

93
Q

what does cranio-sacral outflow travel with

A

III
VI
IX
X

94
Q

where is somatic pain coming from

A

body wall

95
Q

what kind of pain is somatic pain

A

sharp, localised pain

96
Q

examples of somatic pain

A
  • dermatome pain in shingles
  • MSK pain
  • pericarditis
  • pleurisy
97
Q

where does visceral pain come from

A

organ

98
Q

characteristic of visceral pain

A

dull, poorly localised pain

99
Q

examples of visceral pain

A
  • MI
  • oesophagitis
  • ruptured aneurysm
  • pancreatitis

anatomy (16 decks)

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