Thorax Flashcards

Question

Sternum

Answer 1

3 separate bones - can fuse Manubrium Body Xiphoid process Clavicular notch Jugular notch 1st costal notch Eternal angle/ angle of Louis - 2nd costal notch. Where manubrium and body come together. Palpate in opp.

Answer 2

Joints of heads of ribs | Costotransverse joints

Answer 3

Associated ligaments: radiate introa articulate Head of rib to ivd intraarticulate Attaches head to both of vertebrae

Answer 4

Vertebral facet and costal tubercle of rib Costotransverse - Lateral costotransverse Superior costotransverse

Answer 5

Joint formed between costal cartilage and lower ribs

Answer 6

Sternal ribs to costal cartilage

Answer 7

Manubrium and body of sternum

Answer 8

Body and xiphoid process

Answer 9

External intercostal Internal intercostal Innermost intercostal All innervation by intercostal nerves

Answer 10

Anterior muscles replaced by external intercostal membrane | Most active during inspiration

Answer 11

Posterior muscle fibers replaced by internal intercostal membrane Most active during forced expiration (interosseous portion) Interchondral portion active during forced inhalation

Answer 12

Similar to internal intercostal muslce | Most evident in lateral thoracic wall

Answer 13

On internal surface of ribs Span multiple ribs Active during expiration Inner ate dinner by intercostal nerves.

Answer 14

Weak expiratory function and probably proprioception Innervation by intercostal nerves keeps internal thoracic vessels attached to wall. Posterior part of the anterior wall. Attach from sternum body to ribs.

Answer 15

Ventral rami of t1-t11 spinal nerves (intercostal nerves) and ventral rami of t12 (subcostal nerve)

Answer 16

``` Lateral cutaneous Anterior cutaneous Collateral branches - inner most spaces Muscular branches Rami communicates. ```

Answer 17

Primarily from anterior and posterior intercostal aa.

Answer 18

Mostly arise from thoracic aorta

Answer 19

Arise from internal thoracic a to supply spaces 1-6 | Arise from musculophrenic a to supply spaces 7-9

Answer 20

Drain into internal thoracic veins then to brachiocephalic veins

Answer 21

``` Drain into azygos system Lower left (spaces 7-11) empty into hemiazygos v. Upper left side empty into accessory hemiazygoes Right side empties into azygos v. ``` Hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos empty into azygos v.

Answer 22

Local anesthesia injected into intercostal space. | Usually does not result in complete loss of sensation due to overlap in innervation.

Answer 23

Typically distributed along a dermatome associated with infected ganglion.

Answer 24

Primary muscle of inspiration | Dome shaped musculofibrous partition with a central tendon

Answer 25

Costal margin Xiphoid process L1-l3 vertebrae

Answer 26

``` Phrenic nn (c3,c4,c5) motor to all and sensory to most Intercostal and subcostal nn (T6-t12) - sensory to periphery of diaphragm. ```

Answer 27

Pressure differences between atmosphere and intrathoracic cavity determine air flow in and out of lungs

Answer 28

Intrathoracic < atmospheric

Answer 29

Intrathoracic > atmospheric

Answer 30

Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals | Bucket and pump handles are raised

Answer 31

Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal s

Answer 32

``` Contraction of Diaphragm External intercostals Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Pectoralis minor Scalenes ```

Answer 33

Relaxation of: Diaphragm External intercostals Contraction of abdominal muscles

Answer 34

Most lymph drains to axial lymph nodes, initially to pectoral lymph nodes Remaining lymph drains mostly to parasternal lymph nodes.

Answer 35

Sternal angle lies on a transverse plane that passes through the intervertebral disc between vertebrae t4 and t5 Ascending aorta ends and arch begins More posteriorly the aortic arch ends and thoracic aorta begins Trachea bifurcated.

Answer 36

``` Trachea Esophagus Lung spices Brachiocephalic veins Brachiocephalic trunk Left common carotid a Left subclavian a Vagus nerves Phrenic nerves Recurrent laryngeal nerves Sympathetic trunk Lymphatics ```

Answer 37

Round head with single facet Grooves for subclavian artery and vein Scalene tubercle NO costal groove

Answer 38

Two Demi facets LONG neck SLIGHT costal groove Tuberosity for serratus anterior

Answer 39

Single facet | STRONG costal groove

Answer 40

``` Single facet NO tubercle No costal groove NO pit on sternal end R12 shorter than r11 ```

Answer 41

Upper 2 arise from superior intercostal a | Remainder posterior intercostal and subcostal a arise from descending aorta.

Answer 42

``` Derived from internal thoracic a Anterior intercostal a - spaces 1-6 Musculophrenic a - spaces 7-9 Superior epicanthic a - abdominal wall Contributions from superior thoracic and lateral thoracic aa ```

Answer 43

Drainage will be mainly to Parasternal node > bronchomediastinal trunks Intercostal nodes Upper> bronchomediastinal trunks Lower> thoracic duct Diaphragmatic nodes interconnect with numerous nodes.

Answer 44

Pigeon chest Chest juts out due to unusual growth of sternum, ribs, and associated cartilage Usually no symptoms though sob may occur. Usually treated with a brace

Answer 45

Funnel chest Sunken sternum If severe may interfere with function of heart and lungs Can be surgically corrected

Answer 46

Multiple rib fractures | Chest wall collapses inward during inspiration and balloons outward on expiration.

Answer 47

Malignant tumors usually adenocarcinomas arising from epithelial cells of the lactiferous ducts in mammary gland lobules

Answer 48

Interference with dermal lymphatics as cancer enters lymphatic system may cause lymphedema

Answer 49

Cancerous invasion of glandular tissue and fibrosis which causes shortening or places traction on suspensory ligaments

Answer 50

Accessory breast

Answer 51

Accessory nipple

Answer 52

No breast development

Answer 53

Breast hypertrophy in males after puberty May be age or drug related May be due to an imbalance between estrogen in and androgenic hormones or from change in metabolism of sex hormones by liver.