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Gross Anatomy > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What is the discount code for Brainscape Pro?

A

MCPHS91BS

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2
Q

What is the rower’s muscle?

A

Serratus Anterior

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3
Q

What are the attachments of the Serratus Anterior and what function does it have?

A

Ribs and scapula. When contracts protracts scapula to reach forward. Rowers muscle.

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4
Q

Where did the embryo come together and fuse?

A

Linea alba

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5
Q

Linea Alba is where what came together and fused?

A

Embryo

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6
Q

Which dermatome is at the level of the umbilicus?

A

T10

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7
Q

Do veins, arteries, or nerves cross the midline?

A

Nope

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8
Q

Describe the midsternal line

A

Vertical line down middle of body through midsternum

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9
Q

Describe the midclavicular line (MCL)

A

Vertical line through body going down through middle of clavicle

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10
Q

Which rib attaches to the sternal angle?

A

Rib #2

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11
Q

Describe the three parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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12
Q

Describe the subcostal plane

A

Horizontal line going under the combined cartilages of the bottom of the ribs

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13
Q

Where is the Xiphoid Process? Where is the sternal angle?

A

XP=Bottom of sternum, under the body. Angle is where the manubrium and body meet.

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14
Q

What goes in and out of the Superior Thoracic Aperture? What is it also called?

A

Trachea and esophagus go in, subclavian and carotid arteries go out. Some call thoracic outlet as. Aka thoracic inlet. Just go with aperture.

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15
Q

What are the “six pack” muscles?

A

Rectus abdominus

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16
Q

Describe the Costal Margin

A

Where lower ribs join costal cartilages to become costal margin

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17
Q

How many True Ribs, how many False Ribs, and how many Floating Ribs?

A

7 true, 3 false, 2 floating. 12 ribs total.

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18
Q

How many True Ribs and describe them

A

Have attachment on vertebra and attachment on costal cartilage and then sternum. 7 true ribs.

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19
Q

How many False Ribs and describe them

A

3 False Ribs. Don’t attach directly to sternum but instead to rib 7.

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20
Q

How many floating ribs and describe them?

A

Two floating ribs. Come from vertebra but don’t attach anteriorally.

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21
Q

Where is the Costotransverse Joint and describe it. Is it synovial?

A

Posterior thorax. Articulates with transverse process of vertebra. Synovial joint.

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22
Q

Where is the most curvature of the rib?

A

Costal angle has most curvature of rib. On back side of body. rest of rib is mostly flat.

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23
Q

Is the costal-sternal articulation of the ribs synovial or not?

A

Yes it is synovial

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24
Q

What does the head of the rib articulate with? Synovial?

A

Articulates with vetebral body above and below. Synovial.

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25
Q

What is inbetween the manubrium and body of the sternum?

A

Sternal angle

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26
Q

What are the three main parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

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27
Q

Where are the jugular and clavicular notches?

A

Top part of the manubrium

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28
Q

What articulates with the costal notches? Synovial?

A

Cartilage of ribs

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29
Q

Which rib is the shortest and flattest?

A

Rib 1

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30
Q

Where are the limb and scapula held onto the trunk?

A

Sternoclavicular joint

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31
Q

Which part of the rib articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra?

A

Costal tubercle

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32
Q

Which part of the rib articulates with the vertebra?

A

Head of the rib

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33
Q

What is the job of the Anterior Scalene muscle and what runs in front of it?

A

Helps to anchor/hold up upper part of chest. Phrenic nerve runs on front of the anterior scalene.

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34
Q

Describe the phrenic nerve, including roots, function, and location

A

Phrenic nerve made of roots of C3, C4, and C5. Motor and sensory nerves (ventral primary rami) to diaphram. Runs on front part of Anterior Scalene.

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35
Q

Where are nerves that pick up pain from a pneumothorax?

A

Phrenic nerve on pleural side of diaphragm, intercostal nerve along chest wall

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36
Q

What do the innermost intercostals and internal intercostal muscles do?

A

They are used for forced exhalation which pull the ribs together resulting in smaller distance between ribs (pull rib down when contract)

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37
Q

What is the movement of the External Intercostals? Job?

A

When contract rib below gets pulled up and out. Inspiratory muscle

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38
Q

Shape of Transverse Thoracis and job?

A

Like star along ribs. Pulls ribs together. Exhalation. Very small muscle.

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39
Q

Subcostal muscles and ribs? Function? Attached to?

A

Some jump/skip ribs, others don’t. When contract pull up on rib below. Attached to some floating ribs.

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40
Q

Diaphragm is made out of what kind of muscle?

A

Skeletal

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41
Q

When diaphragm contracts what happens to pressure in thorax and abdominal cavities?

A

When contracts increases abdominal pressure but decreases thoracic pressure. During inhalation.

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42
Q

What is the “middle part” of the diaphragm called? Does it ever contract or expand?

A

Central tendon. Doesn’t ever contract or expand.

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43
Q

Where is Caval Aperture?

A

In diaphragm’s central tendon.

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44
Q

What goes through the Caval Aperture?

A

Opening for Inferior Vena Cava

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45
Q

Where is Esophageal Aperture?

A

On diaphragm’s muscular part

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46
Q

What goes through the Esophageal Aperture? Job?

A

Esophagus. Muscular part allows for sphincter action to prevent reflux from stomach.

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47
Q

Where is Aortic Apeture?

A

Behind/posterior diaphragm

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48
Q

What goes through Aortic Apeture?

A

Aorta

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49
Q

What does the Aorta sneak behind? Where?

A

Sneaks behind diaphragm very close to T12.

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50
Q

What is the innervation to the diaphgram?

A

Phrenic nerve. C3, C4, C5.

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51
Q

Internal thoracic artery AKA?

A

Internal Mammary Artery

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52
Q

Internal Thoracic Artery runs later to what?

A

Lateral to the sternum

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53
Q

Internal Thoracic Artery anastomoses with the Posterior Intercostal Artery via what?

A

Anterior Intercostal Artery. Provides collateral blood supply.

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54
Q

The Posterior Intercostal Artery comes off the aorta at every…?

A

At every segment

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55
Q

The Posterior Intercostal Artery hooks up with what other artery?

A

Anterior Intercostal arteries

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56
Q

Veinous blood in the thoracic wall goes into the SVC via which vein?

A

Azygous vein (except for anterior intercostals which go into internal thoracic veins)

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57
Q

Veinous blood in the Anterior Intercostal Arteries go to SVC via which vein?

A

Internal Thoracic Veins

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58
Q

The Interior Vena Cava travels through which part of the diaphragm?

A

Through Central Tendon of Diaphrahm

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59
Q

The Posterior Intercostal Veins drain into..?

A

Azygous vein, then SVC

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60
Q

Anterior Intercostal Veins drain into…?

A

Internal Thoracic Veins

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61
Q

Are there valves in the veins of the thorax?

A

No valves. Blood travels wherever pressure is lowest.

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62
Q

Which arteries supplies the diaphragm?

A

Musculophrenic Artery, Pericardicophrenic Artery

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63
Q

Where is the Parietal Pleura and what does it cover?

A

Outtermost pleura in thorax. On ribs and diaphragm.

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64
Q

What does the Parietal Pleura separate?

A

Separates the pleural cavity from the mediastinum

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65
Q

Which nerves innervate the Parietal Pleura?

A

Intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve

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66
Q

What happens to the rib cage diameter during inspiration?

A

Diameter increases

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67
Q

What happens to the rib cage diameter during exhalation?

A

Diameter decreases

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68
Q

What does pleura secrete? What does this prevent?

A

Secrete fluid between lung and wall which prevents air space.

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69
Q

If the Parietal Pleura moves does the lung also move? Why?

A

Yes, because of the fluid the pleura secretes

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70
Q

Visceral Pleura is on what organ?

A

Lung

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71
Q

What goes through the Costal Groove?

A

Intercostal vein, artery, and nerve. Under the rib.

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72
Q

Where are the intercostal vein, arteries, and nerves?

A

Below the ribs. Safe to go above rib.

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73
Q

What happens at the Aortic Arch?

A

Aorta turns to go to body’s left side

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74
Q

How many lobes does right lung have? Names?

A

3 lobes. Superior Lobe, Middle Lobe, Inferior Lobe.

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75
Q

Which fissure separates the Superior and Middle Lobes of the right lung?

A

Horizontal fissure

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76
Q

Which lobe is exclusive to the right lung?

A

Middle lobe. Left lung has no middle lobe.

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77
Q

Which fissure separates Middle Lobe and Inferior Lobe or right lung?

A

Oblique fissure

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78
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Part of lung where the tubes are. Bronchi, pulmonary veins, pulmonary artery.

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79
Q

Does the left lung have a horizontal fissure?

A

NO. No middle lobe!!

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80
Q

What is most superior part of left hilum?

A

Branches of left pulmonary artery

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81
Q

What is the Tracheal Bifurcation?

A

Where the right main bronchus and left main bronchus separate from trachea

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82
Q

What is the shape difference between the Right Main Bronchus and Left Main Bronchus?

A

Right is more vertical, wider, and shorter. Easy for things to be inhaled in right. Left is more horizontal and more narrow than right.

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83
Q

Where is the largest percentage of pneumonia located?

A

Right lower lobe of lung

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84
Q

Pulmonary trunk goes to the

A

Pulmonary arteries then the lungs with deoxygenated blood

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85
Q

The hearts foramen ovale becomes the…?

A

Fossa ovalis, after born

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86
Q

The hearts ductus arteriousis becomes the…?

A

Ligamentum arteriousum

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87
Q

A patent ductus arteriousum connects what two things?

A

Aorta to pulmonary artery

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88
Q

Visceral pleura is found on

A

Organ

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89
Q

Parietal pleura is found on

A

Over visceral pleura

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90
Q

Space between visceral and parietal pleura is called

A

Potential space or cavity space

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91
Q

Two layers of pericardium of the heart?

A

Fibrous pericardium , Serosa pericardium

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92
Q

The visceral pericardium is also known as the

A

Epicardium

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93
Q

Auricles point to the…?

A

Pulmonary trunk

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94
Q

Which valves open and closed in ventricular systole?

A

Open=Semilunar valves; Closed=AV Valves

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95
Q

Which valves open and closed in ventricular diastole?

A

Open=AV Valves; Closed=Semilunar Valves

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96
Q

What is the job of the cardiac skeleton?

A

Mechanical stability, attachment point for the cardiac muscles and valve cusps, and electrical insulation

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97
Q

Which are the semilunar valves?

A

Aortic and Pulmonary valves

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98
Q

Which are the AV valves?

A

Bicuspid and Tricuspid valves

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99
Q

Where do you ascultate the aortic and pulmonary valves?

A

Aortic=right 2nd intercostal space; Pulmonary=left 2nd intercostal space

100
Q

Where to ascultate the right and left AV valves?

A

Left=left 5th intercostal space at midclavicular line; Right=left 5th intercostal space at sternal margin

101
Q

What are the three sources of blood to the heart?

A

SVC, IVC, coronary sinus

102
Q

Coronary sinus drains into the…?

A

RIGHT ATRIUM

103
Q

What great vessel behind Pulmonary Trunk?

A

Aorta

104
Q

What is the most anterior valve?

A

Pulmonary trunk

105
Q

First two vessels off aorta are

A

Right and Left Coronary Arteries

106
Q

Which two veins form the Superior Vena Cava?

A

Right Brachiocephalic vein, Left Brachiocephalic vein

107
Q

The pulmonary trunk gives off what two arteries?

A

Right and Left Pulmonary Arteries, bring deoxygenated blood to lungs

108
Q

Why don’t we want blood to go to the lungs in an embryo?

A

Their lungs can’t handle the pressure

109
Q

Vagus nerve goes behind or in front of root of lung?

A

Behind. Phrenic goes in front.

110
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve comes off which cranial nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

111
Q

The right recurrent nerve wraps about which artery?

A

Subclavian artery

112
Q

What comes off the aorta in pairs?

A

Posterior Intercostal Arteries

113
Q

Do the Posterior Intercostal Arteries come off the aorta in segments?

A

Yes

114
Q

Phrenic nerve is from dorsal or ventral primary rami?

A

Ventral primary rami. All named nerves come from ventral primary rami.

115
Q

Entire sympathetic trunk starts and ends at?

A

Lateral gray horn from T1 to L2

116
Q

Lateral grey horn from T1 to T4 is sympathetic innervation for?

A

Heart/chest/lungs

117
Q

Sympathetic innervation for the heart/lungs/chest is from where to where?

A

Lateral grey horn from T1 to T4

118
Q

What are the three arteries coming off the aortic arch?

A

Left Subclavian, Left Common Carotid, Brachiocephalic Trunk

119
Q

When take breath in diaphragm moves

A

DOWN

120
Q

Left Vagus nerve goes anterior or posterior to esophagus?

A

Anterior

121
Q

Right vagus nerve goes anterior or posterior to esophagus?

A

Posterior

122
Q

Intercostal nerves are continuations of dorsal or ventral primary rami?

A

Ventral Primary Rami

123
Q

Intercostal nerves are a continuation of ventral primary rami and supply which muscles?

A

Muscles in the chest wall.

124
Q

The entire sympathetic trunk is made up of which spinal nerves?

A

T1 to L2

125
Q

What is happening at the three esophogeal constrictor spots?

A

Other structures are pushing against the esophagus causing spots where food slows down. Cricoid cartilage, end of trachea, diaphragm.

126
Q

What is an esophageal diverticulum?

A

Outcroppings in the esophagus. Locations of constriction and weakness in the esophagus muscle. Also place here most severe burns from ingested chemicals can happen.

127
Q

What is the Esophageal Plexus?

A

A bundle of nerves that innervates the esophagus. Made of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

128
Q

Is the Esophageal Plexus made of both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers?

A

Yes. Made of sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.

129
Q

The Left Vagus Nerve loops up and become the…?

A

Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

130
Q

When the Left Vagus Nerve loops up and becomes the Left Laryngeal Recurrent Nerve what does it loop around?

A

Around arch of aorta then back up

131
Q

The Left Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve comes from which nerve?

A

Left Vagus Nerve

132
Q

The Right Vagus Nerve loops up and becomes what?

A

The Right Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve

133
Q

When the Right Vagus Nerve loops up what does it go around?

A

Loops around subclavian artery and behind root of hilum of lung and into esophageal plexus

134
Q

The Right Vagus Nerve travels on which side of the esophagus?

A

Mostly behind/posterior esophagus

135
Q

The Left Vagus Nerve travels on which side of the esophagus?

A

Runs on anterior surface of esophagus

136
Q

Esophageal arteries come off of what main artery?

A

Aorta

137
Q

The upper airways receive oxygenated blood from which arteries?

A

Left and Right Main Bronchus arteries. Not involved in gas exchange, just supply the muscles.

138
Q

The Azygous vein is made of these veins and empties in this place

A

Made of posterior intercostal veins. Goes to superior vena cava.

139
Q

What is the Lingula?

A

End of the superior lobe of the left lung. Lays over the heart and “licks the heart”.

140
Q

The Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve provides motor innervation to what?

A

Larynx

141
Q

Is the esophagus normally open or closed?

A

Always closed unless swallowing something. Nothing holds it open.

142
Q

Is the trachea always open or closed?

A

Always open due to c-shaped cartillagenous rings.

143
Q

The pulmonary trunk gives rise to what?

A

The pulmonary arteries. One going to each lung carrying deoxygenated blood.

144
Q

Where do you “Cross Clamp” the aorta?

A

Transverse Pericardial Sinus. Where to clamp to stop blood flow out of heart. Transplant. behind pulm trunk and aorta.

145
Q

Where are the three places deoxygenated blood returns to the heart?

A

Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus. All go into the right atrium.

146
Q

What are the three main branches of the aorta?

A

Left Subclavian Artery, Left Common Carotid Artery, Brachiocephalic Trunk

147
Q

What are the two layers of the Serous Pericardium?

A

Parietal Layer, Visceral Layer

148
Q

What was the Ligamentum Arteriousum called during embryologic development?

A

Ductus arteosum

149
Q

What does the Ligamentum Arteriosum do?

A

Attaches the aorta to the pulmonary artery

150
Q

What is the job of the Pectinate Muscles? Where are they?

A

In auricle. Contraction.

151
Q

What was the Fossa Ovalis? What did it allow?

A

Was a foramen that allowed flow between the atrium.

152
Q

Where are the Cordae Tendineae and what do they do and prevent?

A

Attach cusps valves to papillary muscles. Attach papillary muscles to cusps. Prevents cusps from flapping too far out. Regurgitation happens when myocardium contracts but papillary muscles don’t keep valves closed and blood flows from ventricle to atrium.

153
Q

Walls of the atrium are ___ compared to the walls of the ventricles?

A

Atrium is thin compared with the thick walls of the ventricles

154
Q

Describe heart contraction

A

When heart contracts does so from apex to base in a spiral like motion.

155
Q

What lines the ventricles?

A

Trabecular carneae. trabeculae= meart, carneae= beams meaty beam. line ventricles of heart preventing ventricles from putting suction on blood

156
Q

Cardiac Skeleton made of what kind of tissue?

A

Connective tissue

157
Q

Cardiac Skeleton causes the atrium and ventricles to contact in which directions?

A

Atria contract downward toward skeleton, ventricules contraction up toward cardiac skeleton. Atria contract down, ventricular contract up. Controlled by nerves.

158
Q

What contracts during systole?

A

Ventricles

159
Q

Which valves are open during systole?

A

Semilunar valves (pulmonary trunk, aorta)

160
Q

Which valves open and closed during diastole?

A

AV Vales open, SLVs closed.

161
Q

When do coronary arteries get their blood flow?

A

Diastole when coronary arteries get their blood flow!

162
Q

Blood to the IVC, SVC, and coronary sinus flows during systole or diastole?

A

Diastole

163
Q

What are the two main coronary arteries called? What do they supply?

A

Left Coronary Artery, Right Coronary Artery. Supply the heart itself (myocardium).

164
Q

What are the two branches off the Left Coronary Artery?

A

Circumflex Artery, Left Anterior Descending

165
Q

The Left Anterior Descending coronary artery runs along what groove and with that vein?

A

Anterior Interventricular Groove, along with Great Cardiac Vein

166
Q

What groove does the Great Cardiac Vein run along? Where does it go to?

A

Anterior Interventricular Groove. From apex of heart, greatest distance to travel, joins coronary sinus, ends in RA.

167
Q

The Right Coronary Artery branches into what and runs along what groove?

A

The Posterior Descending Artery, runs along Posterior Interventricular Groove/Septum along with Posterior Descending Vein

168
Q

What is “Right Dominance”? How does it differ from “Left Dominance”?

A

Means the right coronary artery supplies the Posterior Descending Artery. Left Dominance is when the Left Circumflex Artery supplies the Posterior Descending Artery. Majority is Right Dominance.

169
Q

Which coronary supplies a majority of blood to the left ventricle?

A

Left Anterior Descending coronary artery

170
Q

Between Right Dominance and Left Dominance which is the majority?

A

Right Dominance is majority. This is when the right coronary artery supplies the Posterior Descending Artery of the heart.

171
Q

What is the blood flow from the Vena Cava to Aorta?

A

VC->RA->TCV->RV->SLV->PT->PA->Lungs->PV->LA->BCV->LV->SLV->Aorta

172
Q

In fetus what brings deoxygenated blood to the placenta?

A

Two umbilical arteries bring deoxygenated blood to placenta

173
Q

In fetus where does the umbilical vein lead to?

A

Vena Cava

174
Q

In fetus a patent foramen ovale allows blood to flow from right atrium into what other chamber ?

A

Left atrium then left ventricle

175
Q

In a fetus a patent ductus artereosus allows blood to flow from where to where?

A

Patent ductus arterosus and shunts from pulmonary artery into aorta

176
Q

What are the two types of pleura?

A

Parietal Pleura and Visceral Pleura

177
Q

Where is Visceral Pleura found?

A

On an organ itself.

178
Q

Where is Parietal Pleura found?

A

Parietal Pleura covers the boundaries of a cavity, such as the mediastinum has a mediastinal pleura.

179
Q

What does pleura secrete and what is the function?

A

All pleura secretes serous fluid which prevents friction of organs as the organ moves within a cavity.

180
Q

Are pleura continuous? What does this mean?

A

Means that a pleura can be both visceral in one location and in another parietal.

181
Q

What does “reflection” mean with regards to pleura?

A

Means the pleura changed direction, usually going from visceral to parietal (or vice versa)

182
Q

What is in the Hilum of the Lung?

A

Pulmonary Artery, Pulmonary Veins, Pulmonary Artery

183
Q

Where does the bulk of gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli of the lungs

184
Q

What does Surfactant do?

A

Reduces surface tension fo water to make water thinner allowing easier exchange of gas in aveolus

185
Q

What are the very first two arteries off the aorta?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

186
Q

Is the sternocostral joint synovial?

A

Yes

187
Q

Is the costocondral joint synovial?

A

No

188
Q

What is the vein, artery, and nerve for the internal and external intercostal muscles?

A

Vein= Intercostal Vein; Artery=Intercostal Artery; Nerve=Intercostal Nerve

189
Q

What is the function of the external intercostals?

A

Inhalation by increasing volume of thoracic cavity. Bends ribs to make thoracic cavity more open. When contract rib below gets pulled up and out.

190
Q

What is the function of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

Exhalation by decreasing thoracic volume by bending ribs more closed. When contract pull rib below up and in during exhalation

191
Q

What is the function of the innermost intercostal muscles?

A

Expiration by decreasing the thoracic cavity

192
Q

The anterior intercostal arteries branch off of which artery?

A

Internal Thoracic Artery

193
Q

The posterior intercostal arteries branch off of which two arteries?

A

Subclavian Artery for ribs 1 & 2; thoracic aorta for the rest

194
Q

The Anterior Intercostal Veins drain into which vein?

A

Internal Thoracic Vein

195
Q

How many Azygous Veins are there?

A

Just one. Runs vertically on right side of body to the SVC.

196
Q

The Posterior Intercostal Veins drain into which vein?

A

Azugous vein, which goes into SVC

197
Q

Which veins drain around the umbilicus?

A

Periumbillical veins

198
Q

What are the nerves and artery for the diaphragm?

A

Nerves=C3, C4, C5 which makes the “phrenic nerve”; Artery=Musculophrenic artery and Pericardiophranic artery

199
Q

What are the two layers of the Serous Pericardium?

A

Visceral Pericardium (aka Epicardium), Parietal Pericardium (fused to fibrous pericardium)

200
Q

What does the Fibrous Pericardium do?

A

Anchors heart to surrounding chest wall. Also makes serous fluid to prevent friction.

201
Q

Do the lungs ever completely fill their cavities?

A

No, their is always a little bit of room left unfilled

202
Q

What are the two ways for sympathetic innervation to get to the thorax from T1-T4?

A

1) direct to the organ on splanchnic nerve, 2) follow the sympathetic trunk to Superior Cervical Ganglia then come off as a bundle of sympathetic nerves called “Cervical Splanchnic Nerves” then to heart or lungs (aka cervical cardiac nerves or cervical thoracic nerves) then come down the cervical splanchnic nerves along carotid artery down, or behind pharynx and in front of vertebra and make a plexus (like the esophageal plexus) until get to heart or lungs.

203
Q

What is in Anterior Mediastinum?

A

Thymus and fat

204
Q

What is in the Posterior Mediastinum?

A

Esophagus, azygous vein, hemiazygous vein

205
Q

How many pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins are there?

A

Two pulm arteries, four pulm veins

206
Q

The Portal Vein brings blood into what organ and system?

A

Liver, portal system

207
Q

What two arteries come off the brachiocephalic trunk? Which side is it on?

A

Right Common Carotid Artery, Right Subclavian Artery

208
Q

Papillary Muscles attach what to what?

A

Attach myocardium to Cordae Tendineae

209
Q

The Cordae Tendineae attach what to what?

A

Papillary Muscles to AV valve cusps

210
Q

The bicuspid valve has how many cusps and what are their names?

A

Two cusps, Anterior Cusp and Posterior Cusp

211
Q

Blood goes in from coronary sinus, IVC, SVC during which heart phase?

A

Diastole

212
Q

Auscultating the pulmonary and aortic valves happen in which two places?

A

Aortic=2nd intercostal space on right; Pulmonary= 2nd intercostal space on left

213
Q

Auscultate for right and left AV valves in which two locations?

A

5th intercostal space next to sternum for right, couple of fingers out left of sternum out for left

214
Q

The Bundle of Hiss divides into what two things?

A

Divides into right and left bundle branches

215
Q

The Posterior Descending Artery and Vein travel along what?

A

Interventricular Septum

216
Q

Left recurrent laryngeal goes behind

A

Left recurrent laryngeal goes behind the ligamentum arteriosum (not the aorta)

217
Q

Left vagus goes over the front of the

A

Left vagus goes over the front of the aortic arch

218
Q

Which vagus nerve innervates anterior portion of esophagus

A

L/R vague nerve go over the aorta and under the lungs

219
Q

Which vagus nerve innervates posterior portion of esophagus

A

Right vagus innervates posterior portion of esophagus

220
Q

Which are the muscles of the posterior mediastinum?

A

Innermost intercostal muscles OR the subcostals muscles (if they are skipping ribs)

221
Q

What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the heart?

A

Sympathetic=T1-T4; Parasympathetic=vagus

222
Q

What is the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of the esophagus?

A

Sympathetic=T2-T6; Parasympathetic=vagus

223
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Thoracic duct drains into the junction of the L subclavian vein and L internal jugular vein (DO NOT SAY BRACHIOCEPHALIC JUNCTION)

224
Q

What is the function of the lympahatic ducts?

A

Carry lymph.

225
Q

Where does lymph come from?

A

Interstitial cells/fluid

226
Q

What drains into the Right Lymphatic Duct?

A

Right half of the head/neck, right chest, right upper limb. Goes to where Subclavian Vein and Jugular Vein join (aka origin of Right Brachiocephalic Vein).

227
Q

How much of the body’s lymph drains into the Right Lymphatic Duct?

A

1/4th. Rest goes into Thoracic Duct.

228
Q

Where goes Right Lymphatic Duct drain into?

A

Subclavian Vein and Jugular Vein join (aka origin of Right Brachiocephalic Vein).

229
Q

What parts drain into the Thoracic Duct?

A

Everything below diaphragm, left side of chest, left neck, left head

230
Q

Where does the Thoracic Duct drain into?

A

Drains into Left Brachiocephalic Vein

231
Q

Where does the Right Lymphatic Duct drain into and where does the Thoracic Duct draiin into?

A

Right Duct=Origin of right brachiocephalic vein where subclavian and jugular join; Thoracic duct=Left Brachiocephalic Vein

232
Q

What is the Cisterna Chyli?

A

Origin of the Thoracic Duct. Big collection of lymph from below diaphragm.

233
Q

Where does the Cisterna Chyli flow into?

A

Thoracic Duct

234
Q

Which are the Sympathetic NS nerves?

A

T1-L2. Aka “thoracolumbar”

235
Q

Which are the Parasympathetic NS nerves?

A

CN 3, 7, 9, 10; Sacram nerves 2-4. “aka Cranial Sacral”

236
Q

Parasympathetic cranial nerves only goes to what tissues?

A

Only goes to smooth muscles and glands

237
Q

The Greater Splanchnic nerve is made up of which spinal nerves?

A

T5-T8

238
Q

Where does the synapse for 1st and 2nd order sympathetic nerves occur?

A

Sympathetic ganglia, next to spinal column “para-aortic”

239
Q

Where does the synapse for 1st and 2nd order parasympathetic nerves occur?

A

1st order parasympathetic can be very lengthy and synapse on the effector organ at the end order neuron

240
Q

Where is the Coronary Sulcus and what two things run in the Coronary Sulus?

A

Posterior heart. Right Coronary Artery and Small Cardiac Vein

241
Q

What does the Coronary Sulcus separate?

A

Atrium and Ventricle.

242
Q

What two things run in the Anterior Interventricular Sulcus?

A

LAD and Great Cardiac Vein

243
Q

I 8 10 Eggs At 12

A

IVC=T8, Esophagus =T10, Aorta=T12

244
Q

What is the first site of gas exchange in the lungs?

A

Respiratory bronchiole

245
Q

Respiratory bronchiole is the first site of what?

A

Gas exchange, but not much.

Gross Anatomy (12 decks)

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