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Anatomy > Thorax > Flashcards

Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

Superior thoracic aperture

A

Boundaries - Posterior: T1, Lateral: 1st pair of ribs, Anterior: superior border of mandible
Structures running through: trachea, esophagus, phrenic and vagus nerves enter, great vessels exit

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2
Q

Inferior thoracic aperture

A

Boundaries - posterior: T12, lateral: post. - ribs 11 + 12, ant. - ribs 7-10, anterior: xiphisternal joint between xiphoid process and sternum.
Diaphragm takes origin here.

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3
Q

Mediastinum

A

Space between spine, sternum, manubrium, and xiphoid process. Where heart rests along with esophagus and great vessels. Has sections.

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4
Q

Which are the true ribs, and what type of articulation do they have?

A

1-7, vertebrocostal

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5
Q

Which are the atypical ribs?

A

1,2,11, and 12

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6
Q

Which are the false ribs, and what type of articulation do they have?

A

8-10, vertebrochondral

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7
Q

Which are the floating ribs

A

11 + 12

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8
Q

What are the unique aspects of the first rib?

A

Grooves for subclavian vein + artery, Scalene tubercle and ridge, and only one facet on head

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9
Q

What are the unique aspects of the second rib?

A

Tuberosity for serratus anterior

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10
Q

What runs through the costal groove?

A

Intercostal arteries, veins, and nerves

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11
Q

Intervertebral Joint

A

Type: symphysis (secondary cartilaginous joint)
Articulation: adjacent vertebral bodies bound together by intervertebral discs
Ligaments: anterior and posterior longitudinal

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12
Q

Costovertebral joints of head of ribs (1)

A

Type: synovial plane of joint
Articulation: head of each rib with superior demarcate of corresponding vertebral body and inferior demarcate or costal facet of vertebral body superior to it
Ligaments: radiate and intra-articular ligaments of head of rib

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13
Q

Costotransverse joint (2)

A

Type: synovial plane of joint
Articulation: Articulation of tubercle of rib with transverse process of corresponding vertebra
Ligaments: Lateral and superior costotransverse

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14
Q

1st sternocostal joint (3)

A

Type: primary cartilaginous joint
Articulation: articulation of 1st costal cartilages with manubrium of sternum
Ligaments: anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal

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15
Q

2nd - 7th strenocostal joints (4)

A

Type: synovial plane joints
Articulation: articulation of 2nd-7th pair of costal cartilages with sternum
Ligaments: anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal

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16
Q

Sternoclavicular joint (5)

A

Type: saddle type of synovial joint
Articulation: sternal end of clavicle with manubrium and 1st costal cartilage
Ligaments: anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments; costoclavicular ligament

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17
Q

Costochondral joint (6)

A

Type: primary cartilaginous joint
Articulation: articulation of lateral end of costal cartilage with sternal end of rib
Ligament: cartilage and bone; bound together by periosteum

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18
Q

Interchondral joint (7)

A

Type: synovial plane joint
Articulation: articulation between costal cartilages of 6th-7th, 7th-8th, and 8th-9th ribs
Ligaments: interchondral ligaments

19
Q

Manubriosternal joint

A

Type: secondary cartilaginous joint (symphysis)
Articulation: articulation between manubrium and body of sternum

20
Q

Xiphisternal joint

A

Type: primary cartilaginous joint (synchondrosis)
Articulation: articulation between xiphoid process and body of sternum

21
Q

What are the innervations to the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve and musculophrenic arteries

22
Q

External intercostal muscle

A

Superior attachment: inferior border of ribs
Inferior attachment: superior border of ribs below
Innervation: Intercostal nerve
Action: elevates ribs during inspiration during forced inspiration

23
Q

Internal intercostal muscle and innermost intercostal muscle

A

Superior attachment: inferior border of ribs
Inferior attachment: superior border of ribs below
Innervation: Intercostal nerve
Action: during forced inspiration interosseous part depresses ribs, interchondral part elevates ribs

24
Q

Transversus thoracis

A

Superior attachment: posterior surface of lower sternum
Inferior attachment: internal surface of costal cartilage 2-6
Action: weakly depresses ribs

25
Q

Subcostal muscle

A

Superior attachment: internal surface of lower ribs near their angle
Inferior attachment: superior borders of 2nd or 3rd ribs below
Action: during forced inspiration interosseous part depresses ribs, interchondral part elevates ribs

26
Q

Levatores costarum muscle

A

Superior attachment: transverse process of T7-11
Inferior attachment: subjacent ribs between tubercle and angle
Innervation: posterior rami of C8-T11
Action: elevates ribs

27
Q

Serratus posterior superior muscle

A

Superior attachment: nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7-T3 vertebrae
Inferior attachment: superior border of ribs 2-4
Innervation: 2nd-5th intercostal nerves
Action: elevates ribs

28
Q

Serratus posterior inferior muscles

A

Superior attachment: spinous process of T11-L2 vertebrae
Inferior attachment: inferior border of ribs 8-12 near their angle
Innervation: 9th-11th intercostal nerves, subcostal (T12) nerve
Action: depress ribs

29
Q

Posterior intercostal artery origin

A

thoracic aorta

30
Q

Anterior intercostal arteries origins

A

internal thoracic arteries and musculophrenic arteries

31
Q

Unique aspects of right pleura

A

Horizontal fissure between superior and middle lobe

32
Q

Uniques aspects of left pleura

A

Cardiac notch in superior lobe and lingula at apex of superior lobe. Where the heart sits.

33
Q

Order of bronchial tree from top of right pleura to bottom

A

Right main bronchus, right superior lobar (“eparterial”) bronchus, right middle lobar bronchus, segmental bronchus, right lower lobe bronchus

34
Q

Order of bronchial tree from top of left pleura to bottom

A

Left main bronchus, left superior lobar bronchus, left inferior lobar bronchus

35
Q

Origins of left vs. right bronchial arteries

A

Left: aorta
Right: intercostal arteries, aorta, and left bronchial artery

36
Q

Bronchial vein drainage left vs. right

A

Left: accessory hemiazygous vein or intercostal vein
Right: azygous vein

37
Q

Pulmonary Collapse

A

Air infiltrating pleural cavity (pneumothorax) can break surface tension between visceral and parietal pleura. When this happens, the elastic lung tissue will recoil (collapse) leaving air filled space within the pleural cavity that prevents expansion of the lung during inspiration.

38
Q

Hemothorax, Hydrothorax, and Chylothorax

A

Infiltration of pleural cavity via different substances causes lung collapse.
Hemo - blood
Hydro - fluid
Lymph - chylo

39
Q

Pleuritis/pleurisy

A

Inflammation of pleura, may cause “scraping sounds” during auscultation, and can cause sharp stabbing pain.

40
Q

Pulmonary embolism (PE)

A

Obstruction of pulmonary artery by blood clot, fat globule, or air bubble; often fatal.
Passes form vein into right side of heart via vena cava and then travels through heart an into pulmonary artery, obstructing blood flow.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common cause.

41
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

Common type of lung cancer arising from bronchial epithelium.
Smoking is a major cause.
Highly metastatic due to association of lymphatics in bronchial tissue.
Typically metastasizes to brain and cranium.

42
Q

Malignant Mesothelioma

A

Rarer type of lung cancer affecting pleura (mesothelium)
Caused by exposure to asbestos.
Can affect other internal organs.

43
Q

Pulmonary tuberculosis

A

Bacterial infection of the lungs (mycobacterium tuberculosis).
Can spread to other organs.
Contagion spread through air through droplets from an infected individual coughing, sneezing, or talking.
1/3 of the world’s population is currently infected with TB, but only 5-10% become sick or infection (active TB).

Anatomy (12 decks)

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