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ABCP-Gross-Thorax > Thoracic Walls and Airways > Flashcards

Thoracic Walls and Airways Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of ribs are there?

A

12

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2
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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3
Q

Where do ribs 1-7 join and with what?

A

Join at the sternum with cartilage end points

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4
Q

Where do ribs 8-10 join and what do they combine with?

A

Join at the sternum with combined cartilage at 7th rib

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5
Q

What to ribs 11-12 attach to anteriorly?

A

They have no anterior attachment

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6
Q

What are the three main points of the sternum?

A

Manubrium (Jugular notch)
Body
Xiphiod

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7
Q

What does the manubrium join to?

A

Clavicle and 1st rib

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8
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

Junction of the manubrium with the sternal body- attachment of 2nd rib

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9
Q

What is the thoracic cage made up of?

A

Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae

It has a narrow inlet and a wide outlet

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10
Q

What is the thoracic inlet?

A

The superior opening of the thoracic cage

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11
Q

What are the three boundaries of the thoracic inlet?

A

Anterior- suprasternal notch of the manubrium sterni
On each side- the first rib
Posterior- First thoracic vertebra

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12
Q

What is the thoracic outlet?

A

The inferior opening of the thoracic cage?

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13
Q

What are the boundaries of the thoracic outlet?

A

Anterior- Xiphoid process
On each side- lower six costal cartilages + last two ribs
Posterior- last thoracic vertebra

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14
Q

What closes the thoracic outlet?

A

Diaphragm which separates it from the abdominal cavity

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15
Q

What is the origin of the external intercostal muscles?

A

Inferior border of rib

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16
Q

What is the insertion of the external intercostal muscles/

A

Superior border of rib below

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17
Q

What direction do the fibres of the external intercostal muscles run?

A

Fibres run oblique (down and forward)

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18
Q

What is the role of the external intercostal muscles?

A

To aid in inspiration -lift ribcage and increase the dimensions

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19
Q

What is the role of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

Aid in forced expiration and depresses the ribcage and decreases the dimensions

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20
Q

What is the origin of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

Superior border of rib below

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21
Q

What is the insertion of the internal intercostal muscles?

A

Inferior border of the rib above

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22
Q

What direction do the fibres of the internal intercostal muscles run?

A

Fibres run at right angles to external intercostals

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23
Q

What neurovascular structures are located in the intercostal muscles and where are they located?

A

Intercostal vein
Intercostal artery
Intercostal nerve
Sit in Subcostal groove between the internal intercostal and innermost intercostal layer

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24
Q

What is the major muscle of inspiration?

A

Diaphragm

25
Q

What are the muscles of active expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles

Abdominal muscles

26
Q

What are the accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenus

27
Q

Describe what happens during inspiration

A

the diaphragm descends on contraction, increasing the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles elevates the ribs and subsequently the sternum to enlarge the thoracic cavity from front to back and from side to side.

28
Q

Describe what happens during passive expiration

A

during which the diaphragm relaxes, reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity from its peak inspiratory size. As the external intercostal muscles relax, the elevated rib cage falls because of the force of gravity. This also reduces the volume of the thoracic cavity.

29
Q

What happens during active expiration

A

during which contraction of the abdominal muscles increases the intra-abdominal pressure, exerting an upward force on the diaphragm. This reduces the vertical dimension of the thoracic cavity further than it is reduced during quiet passive expiration. Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles decreases the front-to-back and side-to-side dimensions by flattening the ribs and sternum.

30
Q

What are the ribs from the 3-9 called?

A

Typical ribs

31
Q

What features indicate a typical rib?

A 
Head 
Neck 
Tubercle 
Angle 
Shaft 
Subcostal Groove
32
Q

Describe the first rib

A

Shortest C- shaped
Anterior end is cup shaped
Posterior end has a head neck and tubercle
Head is one facet
Surfaces -superior + inferior
Borders- Outer (lateral) & inner (medial)

33
Q

Describe the 2nd rib

A

Twice the length of the 1st
Head has 2 facet
Surfaces or shaft are in between that of 1st & typical

34
Q

What vertebrae are typical?

A

2-9

35
Q

Describe the characteristics pf a typical vertebrae

A

Body- heart shape & carries 2 demi-facet at its side
Transverse process- has a facet for rib tubercle of the same number
Spine - long, pointed & directed downward and backward
Vertebral foramen- small & circular

36
Q

What is significant about T1?

A

Has a full facet for the first rib

37
Q

What is significant about T10- T12?

A

Have a single facet

38
Q

What is significant about T11 and T12?

A

No costal facet

39
Q

What direction does the superior articular facets point?

A

Posteriorly

40
Q

What direction do the inferior articular processes point?

A

anteriorly

41
Q

What does the position and direction of the facets and processes allow?

A

Allows rotation and some lateral flexion

42
Q

What is the trachea

A

Hollow and cartilage supported structure

43
Q

How long to the bronchi extend for on RHS and LHS?

A

3 cm

44
Q

Where do the bronchi enter?

A

enter lungs at pulmonary hilum

45
Q

Where do the pulmonary arteries and veins enter?

A

Pulmonary hilum

46
Q

What happens to the bronchi?

A

Further subdivide and terminate as alveoli

basic unit of structure and function in the lungs - have a single cell membrane

47
Q

How many lobes are on the right lung?

A

3 lobes

48
Q

How many lobes are on the left lung?

A

2 lobes

49
Q

What are the two types of pleura

A

Visceral pleura

Parietal pleura

50
Q

What is the function of visceral pleura?

A

Cover the lungs

51
Q

What is the function of parietal pleura?

A

Lines inside of thoracic cavity

52
Q

What is the pleural space?

A

Potential space

Serous (pleural) fluid within

53
Q

What is the role of the pleural fluid?

A

Lubricates & permits ease of expansion

54
Q

What is air in the pleural space known as?

A

Pneumothorax

55
Q

What is air in the pleural space?

A

Haemothorax

56
Q

Surface projections of the pleural fluid?

A

xxxxxcheck thisxxx

57
Q

What separates the three lobes on the right?

A

Horizontal and oblique fissures

58
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

A

An indent in the superior lobe on the LHS forming the lingula that wraps arounf the apex of the heart

ABCP-Gross-Thorax (9 decks)

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