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ABCP-Gross-Thorax > Heart and Coronary circulation > Flashcards

Heart and Coronary circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the base of the heart?

A

Formed mainly by the left atrium, into which open the 4 pulmonary veins

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2
Q

What separates the base of the heart from the descending aorta and oesphagus?

A

Oblique sinus of pericardium

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3
Q

What is the base of the heart inferiorly bounded by?

A

Posterior part of the coronary sulcus

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4
Q

What forms the diaphragmatic surface?

A

Formed by the 2 ventricles- mainly the left ventricles (2/3)

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5
Q

What separates the diaphragmatic surface from the base of the heart?

A

Part of the coronary sulcus called the post

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6
Q

What separates the two ventricles?

A

Separated by the posterior interventricular groove

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7
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

It is a fibro-serous sac which surrounds the heart and great vessels.

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8
Q

What is the pericardium differentiated into?

A

Outer fibrous layer - fibrous Pericardium and inner serous sac- serous pericardium

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9
Q

Where does the pericardium lie

A

Lies posterior to body of the sternum & 2-6 costal cartilages
Lies anterior to 5-8 thoracic vertebrae

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10
Q

What is the role of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Protects the heart against sudden overfilling

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11
Q

What is the fibrous pericardium attached to?

A

Fused with the central tendon of the diaphragm
Attached to the posterior surface of the sternum b y sternopericardial ligaments
Fused with the tunica adventitia of the great vessles

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12
Q

What pierces the central tendon of the diaphragm and pericardium on where?

A

Inferior vena cava

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13
Q

What is serous pericardium?

A

It is a closed sac which is formed of 1-parietal layer

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14
Q

What is the serous pericardium required for?

A

Lines the inner surface of the pericardium and reflected around the roots of great vessels to become continuous with the visceral layer

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15
Q

What two layers make up the serous pericardium?

A

Visceral layer and parietal layer

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16
Q

What does the visceral layer do/

A

Closely covers heart

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17
Q

What does the pericardial cavity contain contain and what is its function?

A

Contains pericardial fluid and acts as a lubricant

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18
Q

What are the main branches of the pericardium and where do they come from?

A

Pericardiacophrenic and musclophrenic arteries - they are branches of the internal thoracic arteries

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19
Q

Where does the pericardium receive pericardial branches from?

A

Bronchial, oesphageal, and superior phrenic arteries

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20
Q

What supplies the epicardium?

A

Coronary arteries

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21
Q

What are the two types of pericardial sinuses?

A

Transverse sinuses and oblique sinus

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22
Q

What is a transverse sinus?

A

A recess of serous pericardium between aorta & pulmonary T, and upper parts of 2 atria & S.V.C

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23
Q

Where does the transverse sinus run?

A

Runs transversely between the great arteries and great veins

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24
Q

What is an oblique sinus?

A

A recess of serous pericardium behind the base of heart

25
Q

Where does the oblique sinus occur?

A

On the posterior surface of the heart, surrounded by the large veins (a blind pocket)

26
Q

What is the nerve supply of the fibrous and parietal layer of the serous pericardium?

A

Phrenic nerve

27
Q

What is the nerve supply of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

A

Branches of the sympathetic trunk and vagus nerves

28
Q

What is functional circulation?

A

Coronary circulation is the functional blood supply to the heart muscle

29
Q

What is the role of collateral routes?

A

Ensure blood delivery to heart even if major vessels are occluded

30
Q

What do the branches of the left coronary artery supply?

A 
Left atrium 
Most of left ventricle
Most of interventricular septum 
AV bundles and branches 
SA node in 40% people
31
Q

What do the branches of the right coronary artery supply?

A 
Right atrium 
Most of right ventricle 
Part of left ventricle 
SA node in 60%
AV node in 80%
Part of the left atrium 
Part of interventricular septum
32
Q

How does the blood drain from the heart?

A

Most of the blood drains into the drain into right atrium through Coronary Sinus

33
Q

What are the tributaries of the coronary sinus?

A

Small and middle cardiac veins

34
Q

Where is the remainder of the blood returned to?

A

The right atrium directly by anterior cardiac vein and by small veins open directly into heart chambers

35
Q

What type of innervation does the heart receive?

A

Heart receives visceral motor innervation

36
Q

What is sympathetic motor innervation?

A

heart speeds up

37
Q

What is parasympathetic innervation?

A

Heart slows down

38
Q

How does fetal circulation differ to adults?

A

the presence of 3 major vascular shunts

39
Q

What are the three major vascular shunts in the fetus?

A

Ductous venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus

40
Q

Where is the ductus venosus?

A

Between the umbilical vein and inferior vena cava

41
Q

Where is the foramen ovale?

A

Between the right and left atrium

42
Q

Where is the ductus arteriosus?

A

Between the pulmonary artery and arch of aorta

43
Q

What is the foramen ovale?

A

A hole between the right and left atria, allowing blood pass from the right side to the left and not ever get pumped to the lungs

44
Q

What is the role of the ductus arteriosus?

A

Allows blood to skip past the lungs and join up with the partially oxygenated blood that is being pumped out of the left ventricle

45
Q

What is the adult remnant of the foramen ovale?

A

Fossa ovale

46
Q

What is the adult remnant of the ductus arteriosus?

A

ligamentum artiosum

47
Q

What is the adult remnant of the umbilival artery (within fetus)

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

48
Q

What is the adult remnant of the umbilcal vein?

A

Round ligament of liver

49
Q

What is the adult remnant of the ductus venosus?

A

Ligamentum venosum

50
Q

What are the two main coronary arteries?

A

The left coronary artery- which subdivides into the left anterior descending and circumflex branches
The right coronary artery

51
Q

What are the two main coronary arteries?

A

The left coronary artery- which subdivides into the left anterior descending and circumflex branches
The right coronary artery

52
Q

What is a myocardial ischaemia?

A

Occurs when the blood flow demands of the heart exceed the blood supplied by the coronary arteries

53
Q

What is the leading cause of myocardial ischaemia?

A

Atherosclerosis

Blockage of coronary arteries due to the accumulation of lipid plaques/ thrombus

54
Q

What is meant by ischaemia?

A

Inadequate blood flow to a tissue or part of the body

55
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

It is the major symptom of myocardial ischaemia

56
Q

How does angina pectoris present?

A

Commonly presented as- pain

pressure or a burning sensation in the area of the sternum

57
Q

What is an myocardial infarction?

A

Irreversible injury and eventual death of myocardial tissue that results from ischaemia and hypoxia

58
Q

What are most MIs the direct result of?

A

Occlusion of a coronary blood vessel by lipid deposit

ABCP-Gross-Thorax (9 decks)

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