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BLOCK B - RESPIRATION > Thoracic Wall & Respiratory Muscles > Flashcards

Thoracic Wall & Respiratory Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three subdivisions of the sternum is divided?

A

Manubrium
Body of sternum
Xiphoid process (fragile)

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2
Q

Thoracic cage is made up of …

A

ribs

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3
Q

What is another name for shoulder blade?

A

scapula

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4
Q

Acromion process

A
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5
Q

Coracoid process

A
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6
Q

Clavicle

A
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7
Q

Midclavicular line

A

Line splitting down the body in a sagittal plane down the middle of the clavicle

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8
Q

Manubriosternal joint (i.e. sternal angle) vertebral level

A

T4/T5 vertebral level (2nd rib)

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9
Q

Xiphisternal joint

A

T9 vertebral level

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10
Q

Why do our ribs and vertebral levels not align?

A

Because ribs are not perfectly horizontal!

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11
Q

Breasts contain a lot of what kind of tissue?

A

Adipose tissue

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12
Q

What other types of tissue are found in the breast?

A

Glandular tissue

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13
Q

Lobules can be in 2 states:

A

resting lobule
lactating lobule

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14
Q

The areola surrounds the…

A

nipple

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15
Q

Role of areola

A

facilitates visual and tactile target for infant during breastfeeding

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16
Q

What intercostal space does the nipple align with?

A

With the space between rib 4 and rib 5 (4th intercostal space)

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17
Q

Embryonic mammary crest (“milk line”)

A
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18
Q

Polymastia

A
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19
Q

Polythelia

A
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20
Q

Fatty deposits along the mammary crests are difficult to remove.

A
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21
Q

What is the indent at the top of the manubrium?

A

Sternal notch (aka sternal notch or jugular notch)

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22
Q

What vertebral level does the sternal notch align with?

A

T2/T3 vertebral level

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23
Q

Superior thoracic aperture follows…

A

the first (superior) thoracic rib

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24
Q

Inferior thoracic aperture follows…

A

the inferior border of our thoracic cage (infrasternal/subcostal angle + costal margin)

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25
Q

Thoracic outlet syndrome

A
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26
Q

How many rib pairs do we have?

A

12 rib pairs (corresponding to 12 pairs of thoracic nerves)

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27
Q

What are the “true ribs” and what are they called

A

Vertebrocostal ribs (1-7)

28
Q

What are the “false ribs” and what are they called

A

Vertebrochrondral ribs (8-10)

29
Q

What are the “floating ribs” and what are they called

A

Vertebral/free ribs (11-12)

30
Q

Why are ribs 8-10 considered “false ribs”?

A
31
Q

Whya re ribs 11-12 considered “floating ribs”?

A
32
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A

Only true joint that attaches our limbs to our axial body.

33
Q

What is a facet?

A

A point of articulation

34
Q

How many facets do our ribs have?

A

3 articular facets

35
Q

What are demi-facets?

A
36
Q

Costovertebral joints are

A

sinovial joints (i.e. …)
They are two flat surfaces that connect together

37
Q

Diarthrosis

A

movement is possible between joints

38
Q

Costotransverse joint

A
39
Q

Articulations between Ribs 1-7 are more rounded, leading to a … movement.

A

rotational movement

40
Q

Ribs 8-10 have a … movement

A

translational (gliding) movement

41
Q

Costochondral joints

A
  • between ribs and cartilage
  • solid joints
  • synarthrosis
42
Q

Synarthrosis

A
43
Q

Sternochostal joints

A

1st ribs:
- solid joint, synchondrosis
- synarthrosis

2nd-7th ribs:
- synovial joint, pane/gliding
- diarthrosis

44
Q

What is the dermatome?

A

Skin innervated by sensory fibres of a single spinal nerve

45
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

Holes between vertebrae

46
Q

In the thoracic region, nerves are numbered according to which vertebra?
a) inferior
b) superior

A

b) superior (e.g. T6 vertebra is above the T6 nerve)

47
Q

Do thoracic nerves cross the midline?

A

No! They do not cross the midline

48
Q

What are the 3 types of intercostal muscles

A

External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles

49
Q

External intercostal muscles function

A

Elevate the ribs when we breathe in

50
Q

Internal intercostal muscles function

A

Depress the ribs (pull them down) during deep or forced expiration

51
Q

Innermost intercostal muscles function

A

Probably function similarly to internal intercostal muscles

52
Q

Subcostal muscles

A

Involved in the depression of ribs
Span between more than 1 rib (longer than intercostal muscles)

53
Q

Transversus thoracis muscles

A

Involved in the depression of ribs
Found on the posterior surface of the inferior sternum

54
Q

Diaphragm attaches onto the …

A

inferior thoracic aperture

55
Q

Diaphragm shape and why

A

Dome shaped (sticks up into thorax) due to presence of abdominal organs.

56
Q

Which dome is higher than the other? Why?

A

The right dome is slightly higher than the left dome due to the presence of the liver on that side.

57
Q

What is the central attachment of the diaphragm?

A

Central tendon

58
Q

Diaphragm forms the boundary between…

A

the thorax and abdomen

59
Q

Structures spanning between the thorax and abdomen pass through or behind the diaphragm through 3 major openings:

A
  1. Caval hiatus in the central tendon
  2. Esophageal hiatus in muscle
  3. Aortic hiatus
60
Q

The inferior vena cava passes through the diaphragm via..

A
61
Q

The esophagus passes through the diaphragm via…

A
62
Q

The aorta passes through the diaphragm via…

A
63
Q

The diaphragm … and …, allowing air to come in and out of the thoracic cavity

A

contracts and relaxes

64
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when its muscular components contract?

A

It flattens and depresses

65
Q

What happens to the intra-abdominal pressure when the diaphragm muscular components contract?

A
66
Q

What happens to the intra-thoracic pressure when the diaphragm muscular components contract?

A
67
Q

Forced or effortful breathing involves assistance from …

A

accessory respiratory muscles

BLOCK B - RESPIRATION (7 decks)

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