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BLOCK B - RESPIRATION > Embryology - The Lungs and Pleural Cavities > Flashcards

Embryology - The Lungs and Pleural Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

What fills the pleural cavity?

A

Serous fluid

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2
Q

Pleural cavities are larger than the lungs at rest, creating…

A

pleural recesses

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3
Q

Serous fluid is produced by …

A

the serous membranes of the pleura

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4
Q

What is the function of serous fluid? (2)

A
  1. Lubricate the pleural space so the lungs can move smoothly during respiration
  2. Maintain negative pleural pressure
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5
Q

Where is the visceral and parietal plera continuous?

A

At the hilum of the lung.

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6
Q

Key features of the parietal pleura (2)

A
  • much thicker than the visceral pleura
  • divided into 4 parts
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7
Q

Name the 4 parts of the parietal pleura

A
  • cervical part
  • costal part
  • diaphragmatic part
  • mediastinal part
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8
Q

What is a pleural reflection?

A

Lines along which the parietal pleura changes direction

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9
Q

What are pleural recesses?

A

Spaces into which our lungs can expand

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10
Q

Costomediastinal recess
(where, which is larger and why)

A

Spaces posterior to the sternum; left recess larger due to cardiac notch

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11
Q

Costodiaphragmatic recess
(which area is larger)

A

Inferior gutter-shaped spaces that follow the diaphragm where it meets the ribs. Larger posteriorly than anteriorly.

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12
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in the pleural cavity. Pressure will become higher than the pressure of the lung, so it will be difficult for the lung to expand and it may even collapse.

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13
Q

What is the treatment for a pneumothorax?

A

Needle decompression (needle is inserted through the 2nd intercostal space at the midclavicular line)

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14
Q

A tension pneumothorax is associated with a
a) contralateral mediastinal shift
b) ipsilateral mediastinal shift

A

a contralateral mediastinal shift (mediastinum moves AWAY from the affected side)

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15
Q

A non-tension pneumothorax or atelectasis is associated with a
a) contralateral mediastinal shift
b) ipsilateral mediastinal shift

A

b) ipsilateral mediastinal shift (the lung has collapsed, so the mediastinum moves TOWARDS the affected area)

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16
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Partial or total collapse of the lung

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17
Q

Define the following:
a) simple pneumothorax
b) tension pneumothorax
c) closed pneumothorax
d) open pneumpthorax

A

a) simple: non-expanding (no mediastinal shift)
b) tension: expanding pressure (mediastinal shift)
c) closed: air enters from within the respiratory tract
d) open: air enters from outside the body

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18
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Escape of fluid (that is not the serous fluid) into the pleural cavity

19
Q

Define the following:
a) hemothorax
b) hemopneumothorax
c) chylotorax

A

a) Hemothorax: accumulation of blood in pleural space
b) Hemopneumothorax: accumulation of blood and air in pleural space
c) Chylothorax: accumulation of chyle (lymph+fat)

20
Q

What is the treatment procedure for a pleural effusion (2)

A
  1. Thoracocentesis (needle in 9th intercostal space at midaxillary line)
  2. Chest tube (in 5th or 6th intercostal space at midaxillary line)
21
Q

Each lung has 3 surfaces called

A

diaphragmatic, costal and mediastinal surfaces

22
Q

What is the hilum?

A

Region containing the root of the lung (bronchi, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves).

23
Q

Each lung has 3 borders called

A

inferior, anterior and posterior borders

24
Q

The right lung typically has … lobes and the left lung has .. lobes.

A

The right lung typically has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2 lobes.

25
Q

Which lung has an oblique fissure? Which lung has a horizontal fissure?

A

Oblique fissure: both lungs
Horizontal fissure: right lung only

26
Q

The lingula only exists on…

A

the left lung

27
Q

Instead of a full-fledged middle lobe in the left lung, we have a …

A

cardiac notch (where the heart can nestle)

28
Q

Hilum

A

Region containing the root of the lung (where air and blood come in and out)

29
Q

Pulmonary ligament

A

Reflection (fold) of the pleura that extends downward from the hilum to the diaphragm. It is formed by the continuity of the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura.

30
Q

How many pulmonary arteries enters each lung? How many pulmonary veins enter each lung?

A

ONE pulmonary artery enters each lung.
TWO pulmonary veins enters each lung.

These structures are visible in the hilum of the lung

31
Q

What can we learn from the percussion of the thorax?

A

We can differentiate between air-filled, fluid-filled and solid tissues

32
Q

What sound should be produced when we tap over bones and thick muscle?

A

Flatness

33
Q

What sound should be produced when we tap over the lungs?

A

Resonance

34
Q

What sound should be produced when we tap over the abdominal viscera?

A

Flatness

35
Q

The trachea bifurcates into…

A

the right and left PRIMARY BRONCHI

36
Q

Describe the shape of the cartilage of the trachea.

A

C-shaped

37
Q

Where is the carina AKA tracheal bifurcation?

A

T4/T5 level (i.e. sternal angle, manubriosternal joint) - trachea divides into 2 bronchi

38
Q

The right primary bronchus divides into…
The left primary bronchus divides into…

A

The right primary bronchus divides into 3 secondary/lobar bronchi.
The left primary bronchus divides into 2 secondary/lobar bronchi.

39
Q

Secondary bronchi divide into…

A

tertiary/segmental bronchi

40
Q

Aspiration of foreign bodies: Where would a foreign body typically get stuck?

A

Most likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus, because it is more vertical than the left.

41
Q

How is the right primary bronchus different from the left primary bronchus?

A

Shorter and more vertical

42
Q

Pneumectomy

A

Removal of an entire lung

43
Q

Lobectomy

A

Removal of an entire lobe of a lung

44
Q

Segmentectomy

A

Removal of one (or more) segments of the lung

BLOCK B - RESPIRATION (32 decks)

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