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BLOCK B - RESPIRATION > Embryology - The Lungs and Pleural Cavities > Flashcards

Embryology - The Lungs and Pleural Cavities Flashcards

1
Q

Lungs are contained within spaces called…

A

left and right pulmonary spaces

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2
Q

What are the pleura

A

Big serous membrane (single continuous sac)

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3
Q

What is the parietal pleura

A

Pleura lining the thoracic cavity (easy to distinguish)

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4
Q

What is the visceral pleura

A

Pleura lining the lungs (difficult to distinguish, become integrated into the lungs themselves)

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5
Q

What fills the pleural cavity?

A
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6
Q

Pleural cavities are larger than the lungs at rest

A
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7
Q

The pleural cavity is essentially an empty space except for a tiny amount of …

A

serous fluid

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8
Q

Serous fluid is produced by …

A

the serous membranes of the pleura

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9
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

The point at which the the parietal and visceral pleura are continuous.

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10
Q

Key features of the parietal pleura

A
  • much thicker than the visceral pleura
  • divided into 4 parts
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11
Q

Name the 4 parts of the parietal pleura

A
  • cervical part
  • costal part
  • diaphragmatic part
  • mediastinal part
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12
Q

What is a pleural reflection?

A

Where the parietal pleura changes direction (help separate into 4 parts)

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13
Q

What are pleural recesses?

A

Spaces into which our lungs can expand

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14
Q

Costomediastinal recess

A

Spaces posterior to the sternum; left recess larger due to cardiac notch

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15
Q

Costodiaphragmatic recess

A

Inferior gutter-shaped spaces that follow the diaphragm where it meets the ribs. Larger posteriorly than anteriorly.

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16
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air in the pleural cavity. Pressure will become higher than the pressure of the lung, so it will be difficult for the lung to expand and it may even collapse.

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17
Q

What is the treatment for a pneumothorax?

A

Needle decompression (needle is inserted through the 2nd intercostal space at the midclavicular line)

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18
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A
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19
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Can be due to obstruction
Air is unable to enter one of the lungs, so the other lung overinflates, causing an increase in pressure…

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20
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Escape of fluid (that is not the serous fluid) into the pleural cavity
- hemothorax
- hemopneumothorax
- chylotorax

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21
Q

What is the diagnosis/treatment procedure for

A
22
Q

Each lung has 3 surfaces called

A

diaphragmatic, costal and mediastinal surfaces

23
Q

Each lung has 3 borders called

A

inferior, anterior and posterior borders

24
Q

The right lung typically has … lobes and the left lung has .. lobes.

A

The right lung typically has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2 lobes.

25
Q

Oblique fissure

A
26
Q

Horizontal fissure

A
27
Q

The lingula only exists on…

A

the left lung

28
Q

Instead of a full-fledged middle lobe in the left lung, we have a …

A

cardiac notch (where the heart can nestle)

29
Q

Hilum

A

Region containing the root of the lung (where air and blood come in and out)

30
Q

Pulmonary ligament

A

Reflection of pleura that….

31
Q

Bronchi have cartilage in their walls - easy to identify in the hilum

A
32
Q

How many pulmonary arteries enters each lung?

A

ONE pulmonary artery enters each lung (can be seen in the hilum).

33
Q

Percussion of the thorax is used to…

A

differentiate between air-filled, fluid-filled and solid tissues

34
Q

What sound should be produced when we tap over bones and thick muscle?

A

Flatness

35
Q

What sound…

A
36
Q

Lung auscultation landmarks

A

Midclavicular line
Parietal pleura (8th costal cartilage)
Lung (6th costal cartilage)

37
Q

Midaxillary line

A
38
Q

Paravertebral line

A
39
Q

Line through inferior angle of scapula

A
40
Q

Tracheobronchial tree

A

Sequential branching of respiratory tract

41
Q

Describe the shape of the cartilage of the trachea.

A

C-shaped

42
Q

Carina or tracheal bifurcation happens at what level?

A

T4/T5 level (i.e. sternal angle, manubriosternal joint) - trachea divides into 2 bronchi

43
Q

How many secondary bronchi for each lung?

A
44
Q

How many tertiary bronchi for each lung?

A
45
Q

How many segmental bronchi in each lung?

A

10

46
Q

Aspiration of foreign bodies: Where would a foreign body typically get stuck?

A

Most likely to lodge in the right primary bronchus due to…

47
Q

How is the right primary bronchus different from the left primary bronchus?

A

Shorter and more vertical

48
Q

Pneumectomy

A

removal of an entire lung

49
Q

Lobectomy

A

removal of an entire lobe of a lung

50
Q

Segmentectomy

A

removal of one (or more) segments of the lung

BLOCK B - RESPIRATION (7 decks)

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