Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Describe pulmonary circulation

A
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2
Q

How are the pulmonary and systemic circulations connected?

A

In series

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3
Q

Pulmonary arteries carry…
Pulmonary veins carry…

A
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4
Q

How far do the pulmonary arteries “travel” with the airways?

A

They travel as far as the terminal bronchioles.

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5
Q

Where do pulmonary capillaries form a dense network?

A

In the alveolar septa (walls)

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6
Q

What is the function of bronchial arteries?

A

Supply bronchial tissues with nutrients and oxygen to support their function. Contribute to warming of the air flowing through the bronchi.

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7
Q

The pulmonary and system circulations carry the same… at any one time.

A

flow (cardiac output)

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8
Q

How do arterial walls of the pulmonary arteries compare to those of the systemic arteries?

A

They are much thinner, less muscular, so their diameter changes in response to surrounding pressures; pulmonary arterial pressures are relatively low.

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9
Q

What is resistance?

A

Impedance to flow, the “energy cost” for flow

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10
Q

What is the pulmonary vascular resistance? (PVR)

A

“Energy cost” for flow in the pulmonary vasculature from the pulmonary artery to the left atrium.

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11
Q

How do the walls of the right ventricle compare to those of the left ventricle of the heart? Why?

A

The walls of the right ventricle are less muscular than those of the left ventricle because the pulmonary circulation is a relatively low pressure system.

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12
Q

How does the resistance of the pulmonary circulation compare to that of the systemic circulation?

A

The resistance in the pulmonary circulation system is much lower.

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13
Q

What determines the PVR?

A

cardiac output

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14
Q

What is the transmural pressure?

A

Pressure difference between the inside and outside of a vessel

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15
Q

What is the transmural pressure like in the pulmonary vasculature? How does it compare to the systemic vasculature?

A
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16
Q

In a rigid tube, increasing the driving pressure results in…

A

proportional increase in flow rate (linear relationship)

17
Q

In more compliant/flexible/elastic tubes, increasing the driving pressure results in…
mechanism lungs useed to keep pressures low…

A

small flow rate increase (you need a lot more pressure to increase the flow rate) - as you increase flow, the resistance is going down???? huh this made no sense

18
Q

Increases in flow change the mechanics of the pulmonary vasculature through two mechanisms:

A
  • vascular distension (increased diameter of open vessels_
    -vascular recruitment (opening of previously closed vessels)
19
Q

How do alveolar vessels change with increasing lung volume? How do extra-alveolar vessels change?
What is the net result at high lung volume?

A

Alveolar vessels get smaller (higher resistance)
Extra-alveolar vessels get larger (lower resistance)
Net result:

20
Q

Pulmonary blood flow varies by the … of the lung. It generally follows …

A

Pulmonary blood flow varies by region of the lung, generally follows gravity.

21
Q

What are he pressures that influence regional blood flow?

A

PA: pulmonary alveola
Pa: pulmonary arterial pressure
Pv: Pulmonary venous pressure

22
Q

What are the 3 physiologic zones in the lungs that are useful to think about when understanding regional flow?

A

Zone I: top of the lung

Zone II: middle of the lung

Zone III: bottom of the lung

23
Q

How do PA, Pa, Pv compare to one another in Zone I?

A

PA>Pa>Pv

24
Q

How do PA, Pa, Pv compare to one another in Zone II?

A

Pa>PA>Pv

25
Q

How do PA, Pa, Pv compare to one another in Zone III?

A

Pa>Pv>PA

26
Q

Describe Zone I circulation

A

?

27
Q

Describe Zone II circulation

A

Arterial pressure is higher because it doesn’t have to push against cavity as much as it does at the top of the lung.

28
Q

Describe Zone III circulation

A
29
Q

What determines flow in Zone II?

A

Difference between Pa and Palv

30
Q

What is the purpose of pulmonary vasoconstriction?

A

It is a chemical reflex that will constrict vessels in areas where gas exchange is poor (in areas of hypoxia) to try to limit wasted blood flow to that area.

31
Q

What is the clinical use of pulmonary vasodilation?

A

Decreased pulmonary vascular resistance achieved by inhalation of nitric oxide (NO) (NO causes smooth muscle relaxation).

32
Q

In order for gas exchange to occur, it is essential that the alveolar surface be kept…

A

dry
(?? why? what about surfactant)

33
Q

Define flux

A
34
Q

What are the Starling forces?

A

Hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure

35
Q

Describe the net fluid flux in the lung.

A

There is a very small gradient of pressure moving fluid out of the blood into the interstitial space and onto the alveolar lining. In order to prevent a wet alveolar” surface, this fluid is drained via the lymphatic system (??)

36
Q

What happens when the capacity of the lymphatics to drain the fluid moving into the intersitial space of the lungs is exceed?

A

Edema

37
Q

What is the difference between interstitial pulmonary edema and alveolar pulmonary edema?

A
38
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A