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BLOCK B - RESPIRATION > Histology of the respiratory system 1 > Flashcards

Histology of the respiratory system 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the respiratory system?

A

To provide O2 and to remove CO2 from the blood

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2
Q

Name the two divisions of the respiratory system.

A
  1. Conducting airways
  2. Respiratory airways
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3
Q

What is the function of the conducting airways? (4)

A

warming, humidifying, cleaning and delivering air

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4
Q

What is the function of the respiratory airways?

A

gas exchange

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5
Q

List the elements of the conducting airways (7)

A

Nasal cavity
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles (regular and terminal)

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6
Q

List the elements of the respiratory airways (4)

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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7
Q

What are the 4 basic tissues that make up (almost) every organ?

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscular tissue
Nervous tissue

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8
Q

The conducting airways possess structures that ensure…

A

uninterrupted supply of air (bone, cartilage, smooth muscle and connective tissue which provide rigidity, flexibility and extensibility)

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9
Q

What is the role of glands and cilia in the conducting airways?

A

Removing foreign particles

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10
Q

Which structures allow breathing?

A

Thoracic cavity
Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Elastic properties of the lungs

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11
Q

Is the pressure between the parietal and visceral pleura
a) positive
b) negative

A

b) negative

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12
Q

Trachea is composed of rings of…

A

cartilage (attached by fibrous connective tissue)

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13
Q

Lumen of the conducting portion (trachea) is lined by epithelium, followed by…

A

lamina propia (loose connective tissue - rich capillary network responsible for warming the air - particularly important during winter)

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14
Q

The epithelium and lamina propia together are referred to as

A

mucosa

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15
Q

Define mucosa

A

Surface that is “wet” all the time (eg. epithelium and lamina propria)

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16
Q

Submucosa follows the mucosa and contains…

A

mucous glands

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17
Q

Cartilage is composed of…

A

collagen fibers and cells called…

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18
Q

Cartilage and smooth muscle of the conducting airways are considered a part of the…

A

submucosa

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19
Q

Smooth muscle fills the gaps….

A
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20
Q

Adventitia

A

dense irregular layer of CT, connects all the organs of…

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21
Q

Specify the type of epithelium that makes up the mucosa of the trachea

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

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22
Q

The connective tissue of the submucosa is very rich in…

A

elastic fibers

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23
Q

Do not confuse cilia with microvilli! Describe each of the cellular projections.

A
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24
Q

Pericordium (synthesis of chondrocytes)

A
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25
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle in the trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle

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26
Q

Long columnar cells with cilia

A

Ciliated cells

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27
Q

Most abundant cells in the respiratory epithelium

A

Ciliated cells

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28
Q

Function of the goblet cells

A

Production of sticky mucous (to which foreign particles bind)

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29
Q

Brush cells have … on their surface

A

microvilli

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30
Q

Name and function of small granule-containing cells in the lower part of the respiratory epithelium

A

Small granule cell - contain vesicles containing epinephrine and serotonin

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31
Q

Epinephrine can either be … or …

A

vasoconstrictive
vasodilative

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32
Q

Short cells of the respiratory epithelium are…

A

stem cells (produce ciliated cell, small granule cells, goblet cells)

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33
Q

Smoking cigarettes can cause…

A

squamous metaplasia, i.e. ….

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34
Q

Why do cilia run in different directions?

A
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35
Q

Axoneme

A

Central structure of cilia surrounded by plasma membrane

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36
Q

How many basal bodies are there for each cilia?

A

1

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37
Q

What are basal bodies?

A
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38
Q

The axoneme is made up of … pairs of … and … central pair.

A

The axoneme is made up of 9 pairs of mictrotubules and 1 central pair.

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39
Q

Each microtubule pair is made up of a … and … microtubule

A

1 complete (13 protofilaments), 1 incomplete (10 protofilaments)

3 protofilaments are shared between the pair

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40
Q

Is the central microtubule pair complete or incomplete?

A

complete

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41
Q

Radial spokes

A
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42
Q

Unlike the axoneme, the basal body is composed of … instead if doublets

A

microtubule triplets

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43
Q

Where are the basal bodies?

A

Inside the columnar ciliated cells

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44
Q

Describe primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD)

A

Caused by a mutation that cuases a lack of dynein arms - renders cilia and sperm immotile or dysmotile

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45
Q

What are cosnequences of primary ciliary dyskinesia?

A

Impaired mucus clearing
Chronic sinusitis
Male infertility
Situs inversus

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46
Q

Describe radial spoke protein mutations

A

Like PCD, results in immotile cilia and sperm

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47
Q

Goblet cells produce a mucous made up of…

A

glycoproteins

48
Q

How is the mucous secreted into the lumen of the airways?

A

Vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane of goblet cells and release the glycoproteins that make up the mucous

49
Q

Cystic fibrosis is caused by…

A

mutations of the CFTR gene

50
Q

CFTR gene mutations affect…

A

the translocation of the CFTR protein to the apical plasma membrane of goblet cells

51
Q

More on CF…

A
52
Q

On top of the superior conchae, the epithelium of the nasal cavity is…

A

olfactory epithelium

53
Q

Nasal septum is made up of

A

cartilage

54
Q

Olfactory epithelium is what type of epithelium?

A

pseudostratified columnar

55
Q

Define pseudostratified epithelium

A
56
Q

Most of the projections on the surface of olfactory epithelial cells are…

A

microvilli (NOT cilia)

57
Q

Sustentacular cell role in olfactory epithelium

A

Providing support and stability

58
Q

At the base of the olfactory bulb, there are 6-8…

A

cilia

59
Q

What is particular about olfactory bulb cilia?

A

They are immotile

60
Q

Role of olfactory cilia

A

Interact with volatile chemicals and produce the sensation of smell

61
Q

What are olfactory nerves called?

A

Filia olfactoria

62
Q

What is the role of basal cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A
63
Q

What are Bowman’s glands?

A

Serous glands located in the lamina propria that produce aqueous secretions …

64
Q

The filia olfactoria are…
a) unmyelinated
b) myelinated

A

a) unmyelinated

65
Q

Filia olfactoria establish a … connection to the brain
a) direct
b) indirect

A

a) direct

66
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the lower part of the nasal cavity?

A

Respiratory epithelium

67
Q

Type of gland UNIQUE to the olfactory epithelium

A

Bowman’s glands (even though there are serous glands in the respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity too, they are not called Bowmans glands!)

68
Q

Where are acinar glands located?

A

In the submucosa of the trachea

69
Q

What are acinar glands?

A

?

70
Q

What is the perchondrium?

A
71
Q

What are the two types of acinar glands?

A

Serous acinus and mucous acinus

72
Q

What are the differences between the serous and mucous acini?

A

Serous acini: produce watery secretions
Mucous acini: produce sticky mucous (similar to that of Goblet cells)

73
Q

Serous acini are surrounded by myoepithelial cells…

A
74
Q

What are the two components of the pulmonary bronchus?

A
  1. extrpulmonary (surrounded by adventitia)
  2. Intrapulmonary (surrounded by lung tissue)
75
Q

Describe the first layer surrounding the lumen of the bronchi

A

Covered by respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified) but with much fewer Goblet cells (mucosa is wavy).

76
Q

Why are there fewer Goblet cells in the bronchus?

A
77
Q

What layer follows the lamina propria in the pulmonary bronchus?

A

Several layers of smooth muscle (part of the submucosa)

78
Q

How does the cartilage in the bronchus differ from that found in the trachea

A

It is fragmented, not one uniform structure

79
Q

What composes the adventitia?

A

Thin connective tissue and …

80
Q

What glands are found in the pulmonary bronchus

A

Serous acini ONLY (only watery secretions)

81
Q

What characterizes regular bronchioles?

A

Absence of cartilage

82
Q

What are the layers of the regular bronchioles

A
  1. Mucosa (wavy appearance)
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Smooth muscle
  4. Thin adventitia
    Absence of goblet cells!
83
Q

What type of epithelium lines the inside of regular bronchioles

A

Mostly columnar ** ? covered with cilia

84
Q

Compare the quantity of Goblet cells in the trachea vs regular bronchioles

A

Trachea: numerous Goblet cells
Respiratory bronchioles: NO Goblet cells

85
Q

What is a possible consequence of the absence of cartilage in the bronchioles?

A

There is no solid tissue to keep the lumen patent, so smooth muscle spasms due to inflammation can block the bronchiole (asthma).

86
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation

A

?

87
Q

The terminal bronchiole is less “wavy” than the respiratory bronchiole. Why?

A

There is less smooth muscle in the terminal bronchioles

88
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the terminal bronchioles?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

89
Q

What are the two types of cells that make up the simple columnar epithelium of the terminal bronchioles?

A
  1. Ciliated cells
  2. Club cells (non-ciliated)
90
Q

What is the role of club cells?

A

Surfactant production

91
Q

What is surfactant, and what is its purpose?

A

Surfactant decreases the surface tension….

92
Q

What is the “first” structure of the respiratory airways?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

93
Q

What characterizes respiratory bronchioles?

A

?

94
Q

What is a respiratory sac? Identify it in your notes!

A

It is a small atrium where numerous alveoli open.

95
Q

What type of cell exclusively composes the epithelium of respiratory bronchioles?

A

Club cells ONLY (non-ciliated)

96
Q

What does the wall of the aveolar ducts look like?

A

Highly interrupted

97
Q

Each interruption in the wall of the alveolar duct wall opens into…

A

an alveolar sac

98
Q

Alveolar cells I-II are also called…

A

pneumocytes I-II

99
Q

Alveoli are surrounded by…

A

a rich capillary network

100
Q

The wall of alveoli (i.e. septum) is covered by…

A

flat cells called alveolar type I cell

101
Q

Describe alveolar type II cells

A
  • Bulge out onto the surface of the alveoli septum
  • Produce surfactant and prevent the collapse of alveoli
102
Q

In between the two layers of flat alveolar type I cells are…

A

capillaries

103
Q

Capillaries are lined by … resting on the basement membrane

A

endothelial cells

104
Q

What type of cell can be found INSIDE the lumen of alveoli? What do they do?

A

Free alveolar macrophages: scavenges for any foreign particles that were not yet cleared from the airways and digests them by phagocytosis.

105
Q

After some time, the free alveolar macrophages are filled with foreign particles. Where do they end up?

A

They move into … and become fixed macrophages … because…

106
Q

What happens when a free alveolar macrophage dies?

A

Enzymes spill out of the lysosomes of the cells and…?

107
Q

Go into your note and identify the different types of cells of the alveoli on the histologic images.

A
108
Q

What are some key features of pneumocyte type II cells?

A
  • rests on basmeent membrane
  • bulge into the lumen
  • contain lamellar bodies
109
Q

What are lamellar bodies?

A

Contain surfactant proteins A, B, …. ?*

110
Q

Through which layers of the alveoli does the gas exchange occur?

A

Endothelial cells (capillary)
Basement membrane
Pneumocyte type I

*Identify these layers in your notes!

111
Q

At the site of gas exchange, the adjacent cells are so tight and close that the two basement membranes…

A

fuse into a single basement membrane (review!)

112
Q

What is the gas exchange reaction

A
113
Q

What is the blood-air barrier

A

Bilayer pneumocyte
Shared basement membrane
smt else?/**

Layer through which the exchange of O2 and CO2 occurs.

114
Q

What is the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn?

A

A life-threatening disorder of the lung caused by a deficiency of surfactant.

115
Q

What respiratory syndrome is associated with prematurity?

A

Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

116
Q

What is the leading cause of mortality among premature infants?

A

Respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn

117
Q

Emphysema

A

?

BLOCK B - RESPIRATION (7 decks)

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