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BLOCK B - RESPIRATION > Neurovasculature of the Thoracic Cavity > Flashcards

Neurovasculature of the Thoracic Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

A

Major veins bringing blood back to the heart

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2
Q

Aorta

A

Major artery bringing blood out of the heart

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3
Q

Common trunk (brachiocephalic trunk)

A

Branches into the right subclavian _ right common carotid arteries

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4
Q

2 pulmonary arteries (left and right)

A

carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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5
Q

4 pulmonary veins (2 left, 2 right)

A

carry oxygenated blood to the lungs

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6
Q

Left and right subclavian arteries

A
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7
Q

The 11 intercostal spaces on each side of the thoracic cage are supplied by…

A

posterior and anterior intercostal arteries from the aorta

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8
Q

Posterior and anterior intercostal arteries travel between …

A

internal and innermost intercostals

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9
Q

Internal thoracic arteries branch off of the …

A

subclavian artery

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10
Q

The internal thoracic arteries branch out into…

A

anterior intercostal arteries

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11
Q

Superior epigastric artery

A

disregard for the rest of the block (makes its way down to the abdomen)

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12
Q

Musculophrenic artery

A

Follows costal margin and pierces the diaphragm

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13
Q

More substantial blood supply to the thoracic wall comes from…

A

?* check out the summary slide

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14
Q

The posterior intercostal arteries inferior to the 12th ribs are called… because…

A

subcostal arteries (because they are no longer between ribs)

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15
Q

Describe the breast blood supply

A

Medial mammary branches from the internal thoracic artery

Lateral mammary branches from lateral thoracic artery

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16
Q

Azygos vein

A

Unpaired vein (only on the right side of the body) - all right posterior intercostal veins and right subcostal vein drain into the azygos vein which then connects to the superior vena cava.

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17
Q

Accessory hemiazygos vein

A

Drains spaces 4 through 8 on the left

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18
Q

Hemiazygos vein

A

Drains spaces 9-11 on the left an left subcostal vein

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19
Q

Both the accessory hemiazygos and hemiazygos vein drain into…

A

the azygos vein

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20
Q

Root of lung structures

A
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21
Q

Diaphragm vasculature encompasses 4 types of arteries

A
  1. pericardiacophrenic arteries
  2. musculophrenic arteries
  3. superior phrenic arteries
  4. inferior phrenic arteries
22
Q

Describe venous drainage of the diaphragm

A

?

23
Q

How many spinal segments make up our spinal cord?

A

31 segments, each witha. pair of mixed spinal nerves

24
Q

Name the 31 spinal segments

A

8 cervical (C1-C8)
12 thoracic (T1-T12)
5 lumbar (L1-L5)
5 sacral (L1-L5)
1 coccygeal (Co)

25
Q

Each spinal segment is associated with a … and a …

A

Each spinal segment is associated with a dermatome (sensory) and a myotome (motor)

26
Q

How does the spinal cord terminate?

A
27
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A nerve is a bundle of sensory and motor neuron axons in the PNS

28
Q

Rootlets, roots, spinal nerves

A
29
Q

Rami

A

Division of the spinal nerve (posterior ramus and anterior ramus)

30
Q

What do the posterior and anterior rami innervate?

A
31
Q

Name the key trunk dermatomes

A

T2: sternal angle
T4: nipples
T6: xiphoid process
T10: umbilicus (belly button)

These are sensory landmarks in terms of dermatomes

32
Q

What disease does the herpes zoster virus trigger?

A

Shingles

33
Q

In a person suffering from shingles, the affected region of the skin is unilateral (on one side only). Why?

A

Because the spinal nerves only carry….*?

34
Q

The anterior rami of T1-T11 are renamed the intercostal nerve as they travel…????

A
35
Q

Intercostal vein, artery and nerve run in a predictable pattern (VAN). When delivering anesthetic

A
36
Q

How are chest tubes placed?

A

Using the top edge of costal bone as a guide

37
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

The phrenic nerves (both sensory and motor innervation)

38
Q

What are the spinal levels of the the phrenic nerves?

A

C3, C4 and C5

39
Q

The phrenic nerve is a branch of…

A

the cervical plexus

40
Q

What happens when one of the phrenic nerves is damaged?

A

During inspiration, when we breathe in, the side of the diaphragm that is no longer properly innervated goes UP. If one side of our diaphragm is no longer contracting, abdominal organs push into that diaphragm, which is what causes it to go up.

41
Q

Describe paradoxical ascension of paralyzed hemidiaphragm

A
42
Q

What innervates the visceral pleura?

A

Visceral nervus system via pulmonary plexus

43
Q

What innervates the parietal pleura?

A

Somatic nervous system - phrenic nerve and intercostal nerves

44
Q

Referred pain…

A
45
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Network of nodes, vessels and other structures that collect excess interstitial fluid.

46
Q

3 functions of the lymphatic system

A
47
Q

Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

A
48
Q

Describe the stepwise lymphatic draining of the lungs…

A
  1. Inside lung tissue: pulmonary nodes
  2. Hilum: bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes
  3. Bifurcation of trachea: tracheobronchial nodes
  4. Trachea: paratracheal nodes
  5. ??? : bronchomediastinal trunks
49
Q

Name the two divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

A

Somatic nervous system (skeletal muscle)
Autonomic (aka visceral) nervous system (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands)

50
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic: fight or flight
Parasympathetic: rest and digest

51
Q

What would we want to do to our airways if we are running away from danger?

A

We would want to dilate the airways to take in more oxygen (sympathetic stimulation)

52
Q

When we are taking a nap, what happens to our airways?

A

They constrict (parasympathetic stimulation)

BLOCK B - RESPIRATION (32 decks)

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