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LSS Anatomy of the Thorax > thoracic wall > Flashcards

thoracic wall Flashcards

1
Q

how many thoracic vertebrae are there

A

12

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2
Q

how many pairs of ribs and costal cartilages are there

A

12 attached to respective thoracic vertebrae

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3
Q

define sternum

A

breastbone in centre of chest that connects to the ribs via cartilage

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4
Q

what are the true ribs and what do they reach

A

1-7; reach sternum

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5
Q

what are the false ribs and what do they reach

A

8-10; reach costal carilage above

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6
Q

what are the floating ribs and why are they called this

A

11-12; lack anterior attachment

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7
Q

what are articulations

A

joints

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8
Q

where are articulations located

A

with vertebral column via head and tubercle (sticks out of bony structure to provide attachment; facets are where bones join to other bones), and with costal cartilages

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9
Q

what is the costal margin

A

attachment of ribs to diaphragm

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10
Q

what is the name of the space between each rib

A

intercostal space

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11
Q

what are the 3 parts of the sternum

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid

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12
Q

where do the 1st costal cartilages attach to on the sternum

A

manubrium

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13
Q

where do the 2nd costal cartilages attach to on the sternum

A

sternal angle (manubriosternal joint)

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14
Q

where do the 3rd-7th costal cartilages attach to on the sternum

A

sternum

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15
Q

where do the 8th-10th costal cartilages attach to on the sternum

A

cartilage above

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16
Q

where do the 11th-12th costal cartilages attach to on the sternum

A

nothing - they are floating

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17
Q

what is the thoracic inlet (superior thoracic aperture) formed of

A

1st thoracic vertebra (T1), 1st ribs, manubrium

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18
Q

what are the contents of the thoracic inlet

A

great vessels heading for neck and upper limb, oesophagus, trachea, nerves and lymphatics

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19
Q

where are most lung tissue and most capacity for lung expansion

A

lower parts of the thorax

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20
Q

what muscles aid in expanding chest and lung volume

A

diaphragm, intercostal muscles

21
Q

what does the diaphragm consist of

A

flat central tendon with muscle radiating to costal margin (anteriorly) and crus (posteriorly) and vertebrae

22
Q

diaphragm: first stage of insipiration

A

dome flattens to inrease vertical diameter of chest

23
Q

diaphragm: second stage of insipiration

A

pulls costal margin up to increase transverse and antero-posterior diameters

24
Q

what is the secondary role of intercostal muscle

A

stiffen chest wall to improve efficiency of breathing movements

25
Q

movement of ribs to increase chest volume

A

ribs move out and up to increase thoracic volume anteroposteriorly and mediolaterally, assisting in changing pressure

26
Q

how many layers of muscles are present in the intercostal muscles, and how are they organised

A

3, like plywood

27
Q

what are the 3 layers of the intercostal muscles (superficial to deep) and direction

A

external intercostals (infromedially), internal intercostals (supromedially), innermost intercostals (superior-inferior)

28
Q

external intercostals movement

A

downward and laterally from lower border of rib above to rib below

29
Q

what are external intercostals replaced by when they move, and where does this happen

A

anterior intercostal membrane at costo-chondral (rib-cartilage) junction

30
Q

where do internal intercostals attachments begin

A

anteriorly at sternum

31
Q

internal intercostals movement

A

from lower border of rib above to rib below

32
Q

how are the fibres directed in internal intercostals

A

at right angles to external intercostals (hence plywood organisation)

33
Q

what are internal intercostals replaced by

A

membrane posteriorly

34
Q

what passes close together through internal intercostal near bottom of each rib (superior to inferior)

A

neurovascular bundle of intercostal vein (run posteriorly and anteriorly), intercostal artery (run posteriorly and anteriorly), intercostal nerve (runs from posterior to anterior)

35
Q

how many pairs of intercostal nerves are there and what are they

A

11; T1-T11 (+ 1 subcostal T12)

36
Q

what type of nerve are the intercostal nerves

A

mixed, so motor (efferent at front of roots) and sensory (afferent at back of roots); anterior ramus supplies front, posterior ramus supplies errector spinal muscles and skin

37
Q

where do the intercostal nerves originate from and what do they supply

A

originate from spinal cord (posterior) and pass through intercostal spaces as they travel towards the anterior, where they innovate muscle and skin

38
Q

what axis does the lateral cutaneous branch innovate

A

anterior and posterior

39
Q

what axis does the anterior cutaneous branch innovate

A

medial and lateral

40
Q

border area for inserting a chest drain safely to avoid intercostal vessels and nerve, and avoid important structures

A

anterior border of latissimus dorsi, lateral border of pectoralis major muscle, line superior to horizontal level of nipple, apex below axilla (armpit); 5th intercostal space anterior to mid axillary line

41
Q

what does each intercostal artery join (anastomose) with

A

major artery at each end of the intercostal space

42
Q

what are the major internal thoracic arteries

A

subclavian, which then branch to form internal thoracic, anterior intercostal, maculophrenic, superior epigastric, inferior epigastric and external iliac arteries and veins on anterior chest wall

43
Q

how is the thoracic cavity filled

A

laterally by lungs

44
Q

where do the lungs lie

A

own pleural cavity; pair of membranes folded back on itself with fluid between creates surface tension so both layers move out when insipiring; if puncture will move but lung won’t inflate

45
Q

what is the space between the pleural cavities called

A

mediastinum

46
Q

what is present in the mediastinum

A

heart, great vessels, oesophagus, trachea, thymus, thoracic duct and major lymph trunks, lymph nodes, phrenic and vagus nerves

47
Q

what doe the heart lie in

A

pericardial sac

48
Q

diagram of the parts of the vertebra

A

diagram from slide 11 of living anatomy

LSS Anatomy of the Thorax (25 decks)

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