lungs, pleura and ventilation

Question 1

4 sections of the bronchial tree (superior to inferior)

Answer 1

centrally-located trachea, primary (main) bronchi (left and right), lobar (secondary) bronchi, segmental (tertiary) bronchi

Question 2

where does the trachea extend

Answer 2

from vertebral level C6 to T4/5 (2nd costal cartilage slopes down so is T4/5)

Question 3

what is the trachea held open by

Answer 3

C-shaped cartilage rings

Question 4

what does the lowest tracheal ring have

Answer 4

hook (carina); lymph nodes underneath so may alter appearance if sinister

Question 5

where is the primary bronchi formed

Answer 5

T4/5

Question 6

difference between right and left primary bronchi

Answer 6

right is wider and more vertical

Question 7

where are the lobar bronchi formed

Answer 7

within lungs

Question 8

what do the lobar bronchi do

Answer 8

supply lobes of lungs

Question 9

what do the segmental bronchi do

Answer 9

supply bronchopulmonary segments (self-contained independent units of lung tissue - can be removed without affecting neighbouring regions)

Question 10

how many lobes on the left lung

Answer 10

2

Question 11

how many lobes on the right lung

Answer 11

3

Question 12

diagram of the bronchial tree

Answer 12

slide 4/5

Question 13

how many bronchopulmonary segments in each lung

Answer 13

10

Question 14

where are the lungs situated

Answer 14

thorax

Question 15

what separates the lungs

Answer 15

heart and other contents of mediastinum

Question 16

what does each lung lie in

Answer 16

pleural cavity (fluid between two layers, creating surface tension), apart from attachment to heart (pulmonary vessels) and trachea at lung root (hilum)

Question 17

what passes from mediastinum through lung roots into lungs

Answer 17

vessels, nerves and bronchi

Question 18

what shape are the lungs

Answer 18

conical

Question 19

characteristics of lung apex in relation to thoracic inlet and first costal cartilage

Answer 19

oblique to thoracic inlet, rises 3-4cm above level of first costal cartilage

Question 20

what shape is the lung base

Answer 20

concave

Question 21

what does the lung base rest on

Answer 21

convex surface of diaphragm

Question 22

3 borders of the lung base

Answer 22

anterior, posterior, inferior

Question 23

3 surfaces of the lung base

Answer 23

costal (outer), medial (mediastinal), inferior (diaphragmatic)

Question 24

what does the diaphragm separate from right lung

Answer 24

right lobe of liver

Question 25

what does the diaphragm separate from left lung

Answer 25

left lobe of liver, stomach, spleen

Question 26

what is the posterior part of the mediastinal surface of lung in contact with, and why is it thick

Answer 26

thoracic vertebra, thick and ribs emerge posteriorly before turning anteriorly so some ribcage behind vertebral column to allow upright standing

Question 27

what is the shape of the anterior part of the mediastinal surface of lung

Answer 27

deeply concave

Question 28

what does the anterior part of the mediastinal surface of lung accomodate

Answer 28

heart (cardiac impression is larger on left than right because of position of heart)

Question 29

what is behind the above and behind cardiac impression of the mediastinal surface of lung

Answer 29

hilum (pleural reflection) where vessels, bronchi and nerves enter and leave mediastinum

Question 30

what are the 2 lobes of the left lung

Answer 30

superior, inferior

Question 31

what separates the 2 lobes of the left lung

Answer 31

oblique fissure; lingula is a flap of tissue which projects forward just in front of heart on left lung; groove for aorta

Question 32

where does the superior lobe lie in relation to the fissure and what does it include

Answer 32

lies above fissure and includes apex and most of anterior part of lung

Question 33

what are the 3 lobes of the right lung

Answer 33

superior, middle, inferior

Question 34

what separates inferior lobe from other 2 lobes

Answer 34

oblique fissure; groove for oesophagus and superior vena cava; different arrangement of vessels to left

Question 35

what separates superior lobe from middle lobe

Answer 35

horizontal fissure

Question 36

which lung is larger

Answer 36

right

Question 37

what does the root (hilum) of the lung do

Answer 37

connects mediastinal surface of heart to trachea

Question 38

what is the hilum formed of

Answer 38

primary bronchus, pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, bronchial arteries and veins, pulmonary plexus of nerves, lymph vessels and nodes

Question 39

what envelopes all of the structures of the hilum

Answer 39

continuous pleura

Question 40

what is the pleura

Answer 40

thin layer of flattened cells supported by connective tissue that lines each pleural cavity and covers exterior of lungs

Question 41

what are the 2 layers of the pleura

Answer 41

visceral and parietal

Question 42

what does the visceral pleura do

Answer 42

covers surface lungs and lines fissures between lobes

Question 43

what does the parietal pleura do

Answer 43

lines inner surface of chest walls

Question 44

features of pleural cavity in living humans

Answer 44

collapsed (largely touching), but moist surfaces allow lungs to glide as they expand and collapse

Question 45

what is the pleural origin

Answer 45

pleural cavities exist inside chest wall lined by parietal pleura → lung buds grow into them → visceral pleura forms as lung buds grow into visceral pleura covering (diagram from slide 19)

Question 46

features of costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura

Answer 46

free of lung except in maximal inspiration (visceral pleura: 4th costal cartilage and 4th rib laterally until oblique fissure where it follows 6th rib; parietal pleura: all ribs)

Question 47

what controls and what produces breathing

Answer 47

nervous system, skeletal muscle

Question 48

what are the gas exchange areas called

Answer 48

alveolar sacs

Question 49

how can the capacity of the thoracic cavity be increased

Answer 49

movements of diaphragm, movements of ribs

Question 50

how does skeletal muscle result in mechanism of breathing

Answer 50

pleural cavity expanded by muscles in walls → elastic lungs expand with pleural cavity, sucking air down trachea and bronchi into lungs

Question 51

what is the main inspiratory muscle

Answer 51

diaphragm

Question 52

diaphragm mechanism of breathing

Answer 52

contraction causes it to press on abdominal viscera which initially descend → further descent stopped by abdominal viscera, so more diaphragm contraction raises costal margin → increased thoracic capacity produced by diaphragm and rib movements in inspiration, reduces intraplueral pressure, with entry of air and expansion of lungs

Question 53

3 components of thoracic surface of diaphragm

Answer 53

skeletal muscle from costal margin, sheet-like central tendon (section in between contracts), pericardial sac

Question 54

what 4 things is the margin of the diaphragm connected to

Answer 54

costal margin, xiphoid process, ends of ribs 11 and 12, lumbar verterbrae

Question 55

what does the diaphragm, pleura and lung cover and why

Answer 55

high abdominal organs such as liver as dome of diaphragm bulges high inside rib cage despite connection to costal margin

Question 56

during breathing, why are the ribs elevated

Answer 56

increases antero-posterior dimension of thoracic cavity (pump-handle)

Question 57

during breathing, why are the ribs everted

Answer 57

increases transverse diameter of thoracic cavity (bucket-handle)

Question 58

why do internal and external intercostal muscles stiffen rib cage

Answer 58

increase efficiency of diaphragm

Question 59

what does quiet expiration depend on and hence what type of activity is it

Answer 59

depends on elastic recoil in elastic tissue throughout lungs and rib cage, so is passive

Question 60

what is deep expiration assisted by

Answer 60

muscles of abdominal walls that squeeze abdominal organs against diaphragm and pull lower ribs downward

Question 61

great vessels

Answer 61

pulmonary trunk to artery; aorta (also to coronory arteries); superior vena cava (braciocephalic arteries) near sternoclavicular joint

Question 62

surface markings of pleura, lobes and fissures

Answer 62

Netter's anatomy flashcards