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LSS Anatomy of the Thorax > lungs, pleura and ventilation > Flashcards

lungs, pleura and ventilation Flashcards

lungs: demonstrate the surface markings of the pleura, lobes and fissures of the lungs and explain their clinical significance; describe the structures in the hilum of the lung and their anatomical relationships; summarise the anatomy of the bronchial tree and bronchopulmonary segments, explain their functional and clinical significance and describe the blood supply, innervation, venous and lymphatic drainage of the lungs

1
Q

4 sections of the bronchial tree (superior to inferior)

A

centrally-located trachea, primary (main) bronchi (left and right), lobar (secondary) bronchi, segmental (tertiary) bronchi

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2
Q

where does the trachea extend

A

from vertebral level C6 to T4/5 (2nd costal cartilage slopes down so is T4/5)

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3
Q

what is the trachea held open by

A

C-shaped cartilage rings

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4
Q

what does the lowest tracheal ring have

A

hook (carina); lymph nodes underneath so may alter appearance if sinister

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5
Q

where is the primary bronchi formed

A

T4/5

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6
Q

difference between right and left primary bronchi

A

right is wider and more vertical

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7
Q

where are the lobar bronchi formed

A

within lungs

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8
Q

what do the lobar bronchi do

A

supply lobes of lungs

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9
Q

what do the segmental bronchi do

A

supply bronchopulmonary segments (self-contained independent units of lung tissue - can be removed without affecting neighbouring regions)

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10
Q

how many lobes on the left lung

A

2

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11
Q

how many lobes on the right lung

A

3

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12
Q

diagram of the bronchial tree

A

slide 4/5

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13
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments in each lung

A

10

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14
Q

where are the lungs situated

A

thorax

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15
Q

what separates the lungs

A

heart and other contents of mediastinum

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16
Q

what does each lung lie in

A

pleural cavity (fluid between two layers, creating surface tension), apart from attachment to heart (pulmonary vessels) and trachea at lung root (hilum)

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17
Q

what passes from mediastinum through lung roots into lungs

A

vessels, nerves and bronchi

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18
Q

what shape are the lungs

A

conical

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19
Q

characteristics of lung apex in relation to thoracic inlet and first costal cartilage

A

oblique to thoracic inlet, rises 3-4cm above level of first costal cartilage

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20
Q

what shape is the lung base

A

concave

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21
Q

what does the lung base rest on

A

convex surface of diaphragm

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22
Q

3 borders of the lung base

A

anterior, posterior, inferior

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23
Q

3 surfaces of the lung base

A

costal (outer), medial (mediastinal), inferior (diaphragmatic)

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24
Q

what does the diaphragm separate from right lung

A

right lobe of liver

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25
Q

what does the diaphragm separate from left lung

A

left lobe of liver, stomach, spleen

26
Q

what is the posterior part of the mediastinal surface of lung in contact with, and why is it thick

A

thoracic vertebra, thick and ribs emerge posteriorly before turning anteriorly so some ribcage behind vertebral column to allow upright standing

27
Q

what is the shape of the anterior part of the mediastinal surface of lung

A

deeply concave

28
Q

what does the anterior part of the mediastinal surface of lung accomodate

A

heart (cardiac impression is larger on left than right because of position of heart)

29
Q

what is behind the above and behind cardiac impression of the mediastinal surface of lung

A

hilum (pleural reflection) where vessels, bronchi and nerves enter and leave mediastinum

30
Q

what are the 2 lobes of the left lung

A

superior, inferior

31
Q

what separates the 2 lobes of the left lung

A

oblique fissure; lingula is a flap of tissue which projects forward just in front of heart on left lung; groove for aorta

32
Q

where does the superior lobe lie in relation to the fissure and what does it include

A

lies above fissure and includes apex and most of anterior part of lung

33
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the right lung

A

superior, middle, inferior

34
Q

what separates inferior lobe from other 2 lobes

A

oblique fissure; groove for oesophagus and superior vena cava; different arrangement of vessels to left

35
Q

what separates superior lobe from middle lobe

A

horizontal fissure

36
Q

which lung is larger

A

right

37
Q

what does the root (hilum) of the lung do

A

connects mediastinal surface of heart to trachea

38
Q

what is the hilum formed of

A

primary bronchus, pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, bronchial arteries and veins, pulmonary plexus of nerves, lymph vessels and nodes

39
Q

what envelopes all of the structures of the hilum

A

continuous pleura

40
Q

what is the pleura

A

thin layer of flattened cells supported by connective tissue that lines each pleural cavity and covers exterior of lungs

41
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pleura

A

visceral and parietal

42
Q

what does the visceral pleura do

A

covers surface lungs and lines fissures between lobes

43
Q

what does the parietal pleura do

A

lines inner surface of chest walls

44
Q

features of pleural cavity in living humans

A

collapsed (largely touching), but moist surfaces allow lungs to glide as they expand and collapse

45
Q

what is the pleural origin

A

pleural cavities exist inside chest wall lined by parietal pleura → lung buds grow into them → visceral pleura forms as lung buds grow into visceral pleura covering (diagram from slide 19)

46
Q

features of costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura

A

free of lung except in maximal inspiration (visceral pleura: 4th costal cartilage and 4th rib laterally until oblique fissure where it follows 6th rib; parietal pleura: all ribs)

47
Q

what controls and what produces breathing

A

nervous system, skeletal muscle

48
Q

what are the gas exchange areas called

A

alveolar sacs

49
Q

how can the capacity of the thoracic cavity be increased

A

movements of diaphragm, movements of ribs

50
Q

how does skeletal muscle result in mechanism of breathing

A

pleural cavity expanded by muscles in walls → elastic lungs expand with pleural cavity, sucking air down trachea and bronchi into lungs

51
Q

what is the main inspiratory muscle

A

diaphragm

52
Q

diaphragm mechanism of breathing

A

contraction causes it to press on abdominal viscera which initially descend → further descent stopped by abdominal viscera, so more diaphragm contraction raises costal margin → increased thoracic capacity produced by diaphragm and rib movements in inspiration, reduces intraplueral pressure, with entry of air and expansion of lungs

53
Q

3 components of thoracic surface of diaphragm

A

skeletal muscle from costal margin, sheet-like central tendon (section in between contracts), pericardial sac

54
Q

what 4 things is the margin of the diaphragm connected to

A

costal margin, xiphoid process, ends of ribs 11 and 12, lumbar verterbrae

55
Q

what does the diaphragm, pleura and lung cover and why

A

high abdominal organs such as liver as dome of diaphragm bulges high inside rib cage despite connection to costal margin

56
Q

during breathing, why are the ribs elevated

A

increases antero-posterior dimension of thoracic cavity (pump-handle)

57
Q

during breathing, why are the ribs everted

A

increases transverse diameter of thoracic cavity (bucket-handle)

58
Q

why do internal and external intercostal muscles stiffen rib cage

A

increase efficiency of diaphragm

59
Q

what does quiet expiration depend on and hence what type of activity is it

A

depends on elastic recoil in elastic tissue throughout lungs and rib cage, so is passive

60
Q

what is deep expiration assisted by

A

muscles of abdominal walls that squeeze abdominal organs against diaphragm and pull lower ribs downward

61
Q

great vessels

A

pulmonary trunk to artery; aorta (also to coronory arteries); superior vena cava (braciocephalic arteries) near sternoclavicular joint

62
Q

surface markings of pleura, lobes and fissures

A

Netter’s anatomy flashcards

LSS Anatomy of the Thorax (25 decks)

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