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LSS Anatomy of the Thorax > superior mediastinum > Flashcards

superior mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

what does the mediastinum separate

A

both pleural cavities

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2
Q

where does the mediastinum extend from and to (superior to posterior)

A

superior thoracic aperture (inlet) to inferior thoracic aperture

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3
Q

where does the mediastinum extend from and to (anterior to posterior)

A

between sternum anteriorly and thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

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4
Q

what does the mediastinum act as

A

conduit for structures that pass through thorax and for structures that connect thoracic organs to other body regions

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5
Q

what are the 6 principal contents of the mediastinum

A

trachea, oesophagus, heart and pericardium, thoracic duct, nerves, great vessels

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6
Q

where does the trachea extend from and to

A

from larynx to bifurcation into principal bronchi (C6 to T4/5)

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7
Q

where does the oesophagus extend from and to

A

from pharynx to diaphragm at level T10

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8
Q

what is the purpose of the thoracic duct

A

lymphatic drainage

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9
Q

what are the 5 divisions of the mediastinum

A

superior (above sternal angle), inferior (below sternal angle), anterior (anterior to heart in pericardial sac), middle (pericardial sac and heart), posterior (posterior to pericardial sac and diaphragm)

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10
Q

diagram of 5 divisions of the mediastinum (mid-saggital view)

A

slide 5

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11
Q

contents (8) of superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior

A

thymus, phrenic nerves, great veins, main lymphatic trunks, vagus nerve, great arteries, trachea and main bronchi, upper oesophagus

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12
Q

what are the two great veins

A

superior vena cava and inferior vena cava

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13
Q

what does the superior vena cava enter and from where

A

right atrium from above, to right of aorta

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14
Q

what does the inferior vena cava enter, from where and through what

A

right atrium from below through central tendon of diaphragm at T8 (where heart sits)

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15
Q

what is the superior vena cava formed by

A

asymmetric union of right and left brachiocephalic veins (left crosses to join right)

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16
Q

what does each brachiocephalic vein (arm and head) form from

A

an internal jugular vein and a subclavian vein

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17
Q

what tributaries form left and right brachiocephalic veins and from where

A

internal jugular vein (from head) and subclavian veins (from upper limbs)

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18
Q

where does the left brachiocephalic vein cross to join right brachiocephalic vein

A

crosses posterior to and to the right of manubrium (sternum)

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19
Q

what is the function of the azygos vein

A

drain posterior wall of thorax and abdomen into superior vena cava

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20
Q

what does the azygos vein arch over

A

right lung root (asymmetric as right is more prominent)

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21
Q

what are the 3 parts of the aorta of the superior mediastinum

A

ascending aorta, arch of aorta, descending aorta (T12)

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22
Q

what are the 2 branches of the ascending aorta

A

right and left coronary arteries (first as supply heart with most richly oxygenated blood; end arteries)

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23
Q

what are the 3 branches of the aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery

24
Q

what does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into

A

right common carotid and right subclavian arteries

25
Q

where does the aortic arch arise in relation to the trachea

A

anteriorly

26
Q

what does the aortic arch arch over

A

left main bronchus at lung root

27
Q

what arteries does trachea lie behind and between

A

brachiocephalic and left common carotid arteries

28
Q

what are common carotid arteries divided into and where

A

external and internal carotids high in neck

29
Q

what is the function of the carotid arteries

A

supply head (face and brain) and neck

30
Q

what arteries do the vertebral arteries (neck) come from

A

subclavian arteries

31
Q

what is the outflow of the right ventricle

A

pulmonary trunk

32
Q

what does the pulmonary trunk carry, via what and where to

A

deoxygenated blood via left and right pulmonary arteries to lungs; to left of aorta

33
Q

what connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch

A

ligamentum arteriosum

34
Q

what is the ligamentum arteriosum a remnant of

A

ductus arteriosus (bypasses lungs in foetal life - becomes ‘ligament’ when born)

35
Q

what are phrenic nerves formed in

A

cervical plexus from C3, C4 and C5

36
Q

what do motor phrenic nerves innovate

A

diaphragm

37
Q

what 4 structures do sensory phrenic nerves innovate

A

central tendon to diaphragm, mediastinal pleura, pericardium, peritoneum of central diaphragm

38
Q

what phrenic nerve reaches diaphragm

A

right and left separately

39
Q

what 3 structures does the right phrenic nerve lie on the surface of

A

right brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava, right side of heart and pericardium in front of lung root

40
Q

where do vagus nerves lie in relation to common carotids

A

lateral

41
Q

where does left vagus pass in relation to aortic arch

A

anterior

42
Q

where does left phrenic cross the vagus in relation to aortic arch

A

more anteriorly

43
Q

where does left phrenic descend

A

in front of root lung

44
Q

where does left vagus cross in relation to root lung

A

behind

45
Q

what does left vagus give off

A

left recurrent laryngeal nerve

46
Q

where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve recur around

A

ligamentum arteriosum and aortic arch

47
Q

where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve break up into many branches

A

round oesophagus

48
Q

where does the right vagus nerve lie

A

on trachea

49
Q

where does right vagus cross in relation to root lung

A

behind

50
Q

what does right vagus give off

A

right recurrent laryngeal nerve

51
Q

where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve recur around

A

right subclavian artery

52
Q

where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve break up into many branches

A

round oesophagus

53
Q

AP vs PA x-ray

A

always coronal, but depends on which direction x-ray shone (can tell by determining whether posterior or anterior of rib is more prominent) - gives different sizes to structures of interest as x-rays travel and spread further before detector - different views of dimension

54
Q

T8, 10, 12

A

IVC, oesophagus, descending aorta structure into diaphragm

55
Q

T6, 8, 10

A

level of lungs (T10 is start of abdomen)

LSS Anatomy of the Thorax (25 decks)

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