lungs, pleura and ventilation

Question 1

surface markings of pleura, lobes and fissures

Answer 1

Netter’s anatomy flashcards

Question 2

what causes a cardiac impression on the mediastinal surface of lung

Answer 2

hilum where vessels, bronchi and nerves enter and leave mediastinum

Question 3

what is the site of pleural reflection

Answer 3

hilum

Question 4

what does the hilum (root) of the lung do

Answer 4

connects mediastinal surface of heart to trachea

Question 5

what is the hilum formed of

Answer 5

primary bronchus, pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, bronchial arteries and veins, pulmonary plexus of nerves, lymph vessels and nodes

Question 6

what envelopes all of the structures of the hilum

Answer 6

continuous pleura

Question 7

what is the pleura

Answer 7

thin layer of flattened cells supported by connective tissue that lines each pleural cavity and covers exterior of lungs

Question 8

what are the 2 layers of the pleura

Answer 8

visceral and parietal

Question 9

what does the visceral pleura do

Answer 9

covers surface lungs and lines fissures between lobes

Question 10

what does the parietal pleura do

Answer 10

lines inner surface of chest walls

Question 11

features of pleural cavity in living humans

Answer 11

collapsed (largely touching), but moist surfaces allow lungs to glide as they expand and collapse

Question 12

what is the pleural origin

Answer 12

pleural cavities exist inside chest wall lined by parietal pleura → lung buds grow into them → visceral pleura forms as lung buds grow into visceral pleura covering

Question 13

diagram of pleural origin

Answer 13

diagram

Question 14

features of costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura

Answer 14

free of lung except in maximal inspiration (visceral pleura: 4th costal cartilage and 4th rib laterally until oblique fissure where it follows 6th rib; parietal pleura: all ribs)

Question 15

how many lobes on the left lung

Answer 15

2

Question 16

how many lobes on the right lung

Answer 16

3

Question 17

diagram of the bronchial tree

Answer 17

diagram

Question 18

how many bronchopulmonary segments in each lung

Answer 18

10

Question 19

where are the lungs situated

Answer 19

thorax

Question 20

what separates the lungs

Answer 20

heart and other contents of mediastinum

Question 21

what does each lung lie in

Answer 21

pleural cavity (fluid between two layers, creating surface tension), apart from attachment to heart (pulmonary vessels) and trachea at lung root (hilum)

Question 22

what shape are the lungs

Answer 22

conical

Question 23

characteristics of lung apex in relation to thoracic inlet and first costal cartilage

Answer 23

oblique to thoracic inlet, rises 3-4cm above level of first costal cartilage

Question 24

what shape is the lung base

Answer 24

concave

Question 25

what does the lung base rest on

Answer 25

convex surface of diaphragm

Question 26

3 borders of the lung base

Answer 26

anterior, posterior, inferior

Question 27

3 surfaces of the lung base

Answer 27

costal (outer), medial (mediastinal), inferior (diaphragmatic)

Question 28

what is the posterior part of the mediastinal surface of lung in contact with, and why is it thick

Answer 28

thoracic vertebra, thick and ribs emerge posteriorly before turning anteriorly so some ribcage behind vertebral column to allow upright standing

Question 29

what is the shape of the anterior part of the mediastinal surface of lung

Answer 29

deeply concave

Question 30

what are the 2 lobes of the left lung

Answer 30

superior, inferior

Question 31

what separates the 2 lobes of the left lung

Answer 31

oblique fissure; lingula is a flap of tissue which projects forward just in front of heart on left lung; groove for aorta

Question 32

where does the superior lobe lie in relation to the fissure and what does it include

Answer 32

lies above fissure and includes apex and most of anterior part of lung

Question 33

what are the 3 lobes of the right lung

Answer 33

superior, middle, inferior

Question 34

what separates inferior lobe from other 2 lobes

Answer 34

oblique fissure; groove for oesophagus and superior vena cava; different arrangement of vessels to left

Question 35

what separates superior lobe from middle lobe

Answer 35

horizontal fissure

Question 36

which lung is larger

Answer 36

right

Question 37

what are the great vessels associated with the lungs

Answer 37

pulmonary trunk to artery; aorta (also to coronory arteries); superior vena cava (braciocephalic arteries) near sternoclavicular joint

Question 38

4 sections of the bronchial tree (superior to inferior)

Answer 38

centrally-located trachea, primary (main) bronchi (left and right), lobar (secondary) bronchi, segmental (tertiary) bronchi

Question 39

where does the trachea extend

Answer 39

from vertebral level C6 to T4/5 (2nd costal cartilage slopes down so is T4/5)

Question 40

what is the trachea held open by

Answer 40

C-shaped cartilage rings

Question 41

what does the lowest tracheal ring have

Answer 41

hook (carina); lymph nodes underneath so may alter appearance if sinister

Question 42

where is the primary bronchi formed

Answer 42

T4/5

Question 43

difference between right and left primary bronchi

Answer 43

right is wider and more vertical (more likely to inhale something here)

Question 44

where are the lobar bronchi formed

Answer 44

within lungs

Question 45

what do the lobar bronchi do

Answer 45

supply lobes of lungs

Question 46

what do the segmental bronchi do

Answer 46

supply bronchopulmonary segments

Question 47

define bronchopulmonary segments

Answer 47

self-contained independent units of lung tissue - can be removed without affecting neighbouring regions

Question 48

where do the lungs lie

Answer 48

own pleural cavity; pair of membranes folded back on itself with fluid between creates surface tension so both layers move out when insipiring; if puncture will move but lung won't inflate

Question 49

what is the space between the pleural cavities called

Answer 49

mediastinum

Question 50

what is present in the mediastinum

Answer 50

heart, great vessels, oesophagus, trachea, thymus, thoracic duct and major lymph trunks, lymph nodes, phrenic and vagus nerves

Question 51

level of lungs (T10 is start of abdomen)

Answer 51

T6, 8, 10

Question 52

hylem

Answer 52

phrenic anterior, alongside pericardium, vagi posterior

Question 53

right lung

Answer 53

azygos veins (more R than L)