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LSS Anatomy of the Thorax > lungs, pleura and ventilation > Flashcards

lungs, pleura and ventilation Flashcards

lungs: demonstrate the surface markings of the pleura, lobes and fissures of the lungs and explain their clinical significance; describe the structures in the hilum of the lung and their anatomical relationships; summarise the anatomy of the bronchial tree and bronchopulmonary segments, explain their functional and clinical significance and describe the blood supply, innervation, venous and lymphatic drainage of the lungs

1
Q

surface markings of pleura, lobes and fissures

A

Netter’s anatomy flashcards

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2
Q

what causes a cardiac impression on the mediastinal surface of lung

A

hilum where vessels, bronchi and nerves enter and leave mediastinum

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3
Q

what is the site of pleural reflection

A

hilum

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4
Q

what does the hilum (root) of the lung do

A

connects mediastinal surface of heart to trachea

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5
Q

what is the hilum formed of

A

primary bronchus, pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, bronchial arteries and veins, pulmonary plexus of nerves, lymph vessels and nodes

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6
Q

what envelopes all of the structures of the hilum

A

continuous pleura

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7
Q

what is the pleura

A

thin layer of flattened cells supported by connective tissue that lines each pleural cavity and covers exterior of lungs

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8
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pleura

A

visceral and parietal

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9
Q

what does the visceral pleura do

A

covers surface lungs and lines fissures between lobes

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10
Q

what does the parietal pleura do

A

lines inner surface of chest walls

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11
Q

features of pleural cavity in living humans

A

collapsed (largely touching), but moist surfaces allow lungs to glide as they expand and collapse

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12
Q

what is the pleural origin

A

pleural cavities exist inside chest wall lined by parietal pleura → lung buds grow into them → visceral pleura forms as lung buds grow into visceral pleura covering

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13
Q

diagram of pleural origin

A

diagram

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14
Q

features of costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura

A

free of lung except in maximal inspiration (visceral pleura: 4th costal cartilage and 4th rib laterally until oblique fissure where it follows 6th rib; parietal pleura: all ribs)

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15
Q

how many lobes on the left lung

A

2

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16
Q

how many lobes on the right lung

A

3

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17
Q

diagram of the bronchial tree

A

diagram

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18
Q

how many bronchopulmonary segments in each lung

A

10

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19
Q

where are the lungs situated

A

thorax

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20
Q

what separates the lungs

A

heart and other contents of mediastinum

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21
Q

what does each lung lie in

A

pleural cavity (fluid between two layers, creating surface tension), apart from attachment to heart (pulmonary vessels) and trachea at lung root (hilum)

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22
Q

what shape are the lungs

A

conical

23
Q

characteristics of lung apex in relation to thoracic inlet and first costal cartilage

A

oblique to thoracic inlet, rises 3-4cm above level of first costal cartilage

24
Q

what shape is the lung base

A

concave

25
Q

what does the lung base rest on

A

convex surface of diaphragm

26
Q

3 borders of the lung base

A

anterior, posterior, inferior

27
Q

3 surfaces of the lung base

A

costal (outer), medial (mediastinal), inferior (diaphragmatic)

28
Q

what is the posterior part of the mediastinal surface of lung in contact with, and why is it thick

A

thoracic vertebra, thick and ribs emerge posteriorly before turning anteriorly so some ribcage behind vertebral column to allow upright standing

29
Q

what is the shape of the anterior part of the mediastinal surface of lung

A

deeply concave

30
Q

what are the 2 lobes of the left lung

A

superior, inferior

31
Q

what separates the 2 lobes of the left lung

A

oblique fissure; lingula is a flap of tissue which projects forward just in front of heart on left lung; groove for aorta

32
Q

where does the superior lobe lie in relation to the fissure and what does it include

A

lies above fissure and includes apex and most of anterior part of lung

33
Q

what are the 3 lobes of the right lung

A

superior, middle, inferior

34
Q

what separates inferior lobe from other 2 lobes

A

oblique fissure; groove for oesophagus and superior vena cava; different arrangement of vessels to left

35
Q

what separates superior lobe from middle lobe

A

horizontal fissure

36
Q

which lung is larger

A

right

37
Q

what are the great vessels associated with the lungs

A

pulmonary trunk to artery; aorta (also to coronory arteries); superior vena cava (braciocephalic arteries) near sternoclavicular joint

38
Q

4 sections of the bronchial tree (superior to inferior)

A

centrally-located trachea, primary (main) bronchi (left and right), lobar (secondary) bronchi, segmental (tertiary) bronchi

39
Q

where does the trachea extend

A

from vertebral level C6 to T4/5 (2nd costal cartilage slopes down so is T4/5)

40
Q

what is the trachea held open by

A

C-shaped cartilage rings

41
Q

what does the lowest tracheal ring have

A

hook (carina); lymph nodes underneath so may alter appearance if sinister

42
Q

where is the primary bronchi formed

A

T4/5

43
Q

difference between right and left primary bronchi

A

right is wider and more vertical (more likely to inhale something here)

44
Q

where are the lobar bronchi formed

A

within lungs

45
Q

what do the lobar bronchi do

A

supply lobes of lungs

46
Q

what do the segmental bronchi do

A

supply bronchopulmonary segments

47
Q

define bronchopulmonary segments

A

self-contained independent units of lung tissue - can be removed without affecting neighbouring regions

48
Q

where do the lungs lie

A

own pleural cavity; pair of membranes folded back on itself with fluid between creates surface tension so both layers move out when insipiring; if puncture will move but lung won’t inflate

49
Q

what is the space between the pleural cavities called

A

mediastinum

50
Q

what is present in the mediastinum

A

heart, great vessels, oesophagus, trachea, thymus, thoracic duct and major lymph trunks, lymph nodes, phrenic and vagus nerves

51
Q

level of lungs (T10 is start of abdomen)

A

T6, 8, 10

52
Q

hylem

A

phrenic anterior, alongside pericardium, vagi posterior

53
Q

right lung

A

azygos veins (more R than L)

LSS Anatomy of the Thorax (25 decks)

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