lungs, pleura and ventilation Flashcards
lungs: demonstrate the surface markings of the pleura, lobes and fissures of the lungs and explain their clinical significance; describe the structures in the hilum of the lung and their anatomical relationships; summarise the anatomy of the bronchial tree and bronchopulmonary segments, explain their functional and clinical significance and describe the blood supply, innervation, venous and lymphatic drainage of the lungs
surface markings of pleura, lobes and fissures
Netter’s anatomy flashcards
what causes a cardiac impression on the mediastinal surface of lung
hilum where vessels, bronchi and nerves enter and leave mediastinum
what is the site of pleural reflection
hilum
what does the hilum (root) of the lung do
connects mediastinal surface of heart to trachea
what is the hilum formed of
primary bronchus, pulmonary artery, 2 pulmonary veins, bronchial arteries and veins, pulmonary plexus of nerves, lymph vessels and nodes
what envelopes all of the structures of the hilum
continuous pleura
what is the pleura
thin layer of flattened cells supported by connective tissue that lines each pleural cavity and covers exterior of lungs
what are the 2 layers of the pleura
visceral and parietal
what does the visceral pleura do
covers surface lungs and lines fissures between lobes
what does the parietal pleura do
lines inner surface of chest walls
features of pleural cavity in living humans
collapsed (largely touching), but moist surfaces allow lungs to glide as they expand and collapse
what is the pleural origin
pleural cavities exist inside chest wall lined by parietal pleura → lung buds grow into them → visceral pleura forms as lung buds grow into visceral pleura covering
diagram of pleural origin
diagram
features of costodiaphragmatic recess of pleura
free of lung except in maximal inspiration (visceral pleura: 4th costal cartilage and 4th rib laterally until oblique fissure where it follows 6th rib; parietal pleura: all ribs)
how many lobes on the left lung
2
how many lobes on the right lung
3
diagram of the bronchial tree
diagram
how many bronchopulmonary segments in each lung
10
where are the lungs situated
thorax
what separates the lungs
heart and other contents of mediastinum
what does each lung lie in
pleural cavity (fluid between two layers, creating surface tension), apart from attachment to heart (pulmonary vessels) and trachea at lung root (hilum)
what shape are the lungs
conical
characteristics of lung apex in relation to thoracic inlet and first costal cartilage
oblique to thoracic inlet, rises 3-4cm above level of first costal cartilage
what shape is the lung base
concave
what does the lung base rest on
convex surface of diaphragm
3 borders of the lung base
anterior, posterior, inferior
3 surfaces of the lung base
costal (outer), medial (mediastinal), inferior (diaphragmatic)
what is the posterior part of the mediastinal surface of lung in contact with, and why is it thick
thoracic vertebra, thick and ribs emerge posteriorly before turning anteriorly so some ribcage behind vertebral column to allow upright standing
what is the shape of the anterior part of the mediastinal surface of lung
deeply concave
what are the 2 lobes of the left lung
superior, inferior
what separates the 2 lobes of the left lung
oblique fissure; lingula is a flap of tissue which projects forward just in front of heart on left lung; groove for aorta
where does the superior lobe lie in relation to the fissure and what does it include
lies above fissure and includes apex and most of anterior part of lung
what are the 3 lobes of the right lung
superior, middle, inferior
what separates inferior lobe from other 2 lobes
oblique fissure; groove for oesophagus and superior vena cava; different arrangement of vessels to left
what separates superior lobe from middle lobe
horizontal fissure
which lung is larger
right
what are the great vessels associated with the lungs
pulmonary trunk to artery; aorta (also to coronory arteries); superior vena cava (braciocephalic arteries) near sternoclavicular joint
4 sections of the bronchial tree (superior to inferior)
centrally-located trachea, primary (main) bronchi (left and right), lobar (secondary) bronchi, segmental (tertiary) bronchi
where does the trachea extend
from vertebral level C6 to T4/5 (2nd costal cartilage slopes down so is T4/5)
what is the trachea held open by
C-shaped cartilage rings
what does the lowest tracheal ring have
hook (carina); lymph nodes underneath so may alter appearance if sinister
where is the primary bronchi formed
T4/5
difference between right and left primary bronchi
right is wider and more vertical (more likely to inhale something here)
where are the lobar bronchi formed
within lungs
what do the lobar bronchi do
supply lobes of lungs
what do the segmental bronchi do
supply bronchopulmonary segments
define bronchopulmonary segments
self-contained independent units of lung tissue - can be removed without affecting neighbouring regions
where do the lungs lie
own pleural cavity; pair of membranes folded back on itself with fluid between creates surface tension so both layers move out when insipiring; if puncture will move but lung won’t inflate
what is the space between the pleural cavities called
mediastinum
what is present in the mediastinum
heart, great vessels, oesophagus, trachea, thymus, thoracic duct and major lymph trunks, lymph nodes, phrenic and vagus nerves
level of lungs (T10 is start of abdomen)
T6, 8, 10
hylem
phrenic anterior, alongside pericardium, vagi posterior
right lung
azygos veins (more R than L)
