Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Semester 1 Year 2 > Thoracic Cavity 1 > Flashcards

Thoracic Cavity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do body cavities do?

A

Confine organs and systems that have related functions
– Allows movement, expansion,
contraction of organs
– Compartmentalize
– With miniscule layer of fluid; lubricated potential space; friction free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What lines body cavities?

A

Serous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What lines the contents of the thoracic cavity?

A

Lungs and chest wall, lined by pleura; Heart covered by pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What lines the content of the abdominal and pelvic cavities?

A

Abdominal and Pelvic cavities lined by the peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is invagination?

A

Being folded inside out o form a cavity - The balloon punching effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two laters of the pleura of the lungs?

A

The visceral layer - facing viscera

The parietal layer - not facing viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the divisions of the thoracic cavity

A

✓ The thoracic cavity is divided into three compartments
✓ The left and right pleural cavities are independent, with the mediastinum between them
✓ Pleura covers the lungs, reflects onto itself around the root of the lung and cover the diaphragm and the thoracic wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is parietal pleura attached to?

A

✓ Thorax wall (costal pleura)
✓ The fascia at the thoracic inlet, at 1st rib and T1
✓ Fibrous pericardium and other mediastinal structures (mediastinal pleura)
✓ Diaphragm (diaphragmatic pleura)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the divisions of the mediastinum?

A

✓ Superior Mediastinum
• behind manubrium, between the inlet and the plane through the sternal angle (and T4/5 disk

✓ Inferior Mediastinum
• inferior to the transverse plane through the sternal angle and the diaphragm

✓ Inferior mediastinum is further subdivided into:
• Anterior mediastinum
• Middle mediastinum
• Posterior mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What structures are found on the right side of the mediastinum?

A

Structures on the right of the mediastinum are related to the right atrium and veins

  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Arch of the azygos
  • Inferior Vena Cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What structures are found on the left side of the mediastinum?

A

Structures on the left of the mediastinum are related to Left ventricle and arteries

  • Left common carotid artery
  • Left subclavian artery
  • Arch of aorta
  • Thoracic aorta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

✓ Fibro-serous sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the great vessels
✓ Functions:
– Anchoring the heart to surrounding tissues without compromising cardiac movement
– Preventing overfilling (overexpansion) of the heart
✓ Comprises two layers:
– Fibrous pericardium (externally)
– Serous pericardium (internally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the structure of the apex of the fibrous pericardium

A

The apex is fused with the adventitia of the great vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the structure of the anterior aspect of the fibrous pericardium

A

Anteriorly, related and attached by the sterno-pericardial ligament to the body of the sternum, and 3rd- 6th costal cartilages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the structure of the posterior aspect of the fibrous pericardium

A

Posteriorly, related and attached by the pericardiovertebral ligaments to 5th - 8th thoracic vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the structure of the inferior aspect of the fibrous pericardium and what this do?

A

Inferiorly, blends with the central tendon of the diaphragm (Pericardiophrenic ligament)
Attachment of fibrous pericardium to diaphragm halts descent of the diaphragm during inspiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the two layers of the serous pericardium?

A

Parietal and visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe the two layers of the serous pericardium

A 
✓ Parietal layer:
− Lines the inner aspect of
the fibrous pericardium
– Reflects onto itself around the roots of the great vessels and continues as the visceral layer
✓ Visceral layer = epicardium
19
Q

Describe the pericardial cavity and its contents

A

✓ Pericardial cavity:
− Between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium
✓ Pericardial fluid: − 10-15 mL
− Produced by serous pericardium
− Reduce friction during contraction of the heart

20
Q

Describe the embryological formation of the heart

A

During embryological development, the primordial heart tube folds and invaginates into the serous pericardium (within the fibrous sac)→2 sinuses are formed within the serous pericardium

21
Q

What two sinuses are formed in the embryological development of the heart?

A

The transverse and oblique pericardial sinuses

22
Q

Describe the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

✓ Sinus of Theile
✓ Separates the arterial and venous ends of the heart tube
✓ Posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk, anterior to the superior vena cava.
✓ Superior to the left atrium and the pulmonary veins

23
Q

Describe the oblique pericardial sinus?

A

✓ Haller’s cul-de-sac
✓ Surrounded by the reflection of the serous pericardium around the right and left pulmonary veins and the inferior vena cava

24
Q

What is the nerve supply of the pericardium?

A

✓ Sensory fibers from the phrenic nerve

✓ Vasomotor fibers from vagus nerve and the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves (sympathetic)

25
Q

Describe the location of the phrenic nerve in the neck

A

✓ A branch of the cervical plexus
✓ Arises from ventral rami of C3,4,5
✓ Over scalenus anterior muscle
✓ Enters the mediastinum between the venous and the arterial planes (subclavian a. and subclavian v.)

26
Q

Describe the location of the phrenic nerve in the thorax

A

✓Passes anterior to the root of lung
✓Lies between fibrous pericardium and parietal pleura
✓Right phrenic nerve passes through the Caval opening (thoracic diaphragm)

27
Q

Describe the location of the right phrenic nerve in the thorax

A

✓Adjacent to superior vena cava, then inferior vena cava

✓Passes through the Caval opening

28
Q

Describe the location of the left phrenic nerve in the thorax

A

✓Crosses the aortic arch

✓Over left ventricle

29
Q

What does the phrenic nerve do?

A 
✓Sole motor supply to the diaphragm
✓Also supplies sensory fibres to 
✓the mediastinal parietal
pleura
✓peritoneum and pleura related to the central tendon of the diaphragm
✓parietal pericardium
30
Q

Describe potential causes for phrenic nerve injury

A

✓ Division of the phrenic nerve in the neck ✓ What if there is no paralysis ?
✓ Radial incisions in the diaphragm from the costal margin to the oesophageal hiatus
✓ Cardiac surgery: instillation of saline slush for myocardial preservation
✓ Thoracic surgery
✓ Lung tumours
✓ Mediastinal tumours
✓ Polio
✓ Iatrogenic?

31
Q

Describe the boundaries of the anterior mediastinum

A 
✓ Prevascular compartment
✓ Boundaries
• Sternal body and xiphisternum 
• pericardium
• lungs with pleura
32
Q

What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?

A
  • Thymus (±) (Normally found in children - remnants in adults)
  • Internal mammary vessels
  • Lymph nodes (Terrible)
  • Connective tissue
  • Fat tissue
  • Lower pole of Thyroid
  • Ectopic parathyroid
33
Q

What is the thymus

A

✓ Bi-lobed organ of lymphoid tissue
✓ Between the manubrium, sternum
and pericardium
✓ Related to Pericardium; Superior vena cava and aorta; Left and Right brachiocephalic veins; Pleura; Phrenic nerves; Trachea
✓ Extends from lower neck (jugular notch) to 4th costal cartilage (sometimes below aortic arch)
✓ Active in childhood until puberty
✓ Increasing fibro-fatty infiltration with age

34
Q

Describe how the superior mediastinum is arranged?

A

✓Structures in the superior mediastinum are “arranged” in 3 planes
✓The vagus and phrenic nerves lie between these planes

35
Q

What are the three planes in which structures in the superior mediastinum are arranged?

A

Venous plane
Arterial Plane
Visceral Plane

36
Q

Describe the venous plane of the superior mediastinum

A

✓ The brachiocephalic veins (BCV) are formed by the Internal jugular (IJV) and subclavian (ScV) veins
✓ Left BCV passes anterior to the arch of the aorta; posterior to the manubrium
✓ Superior vena cava (SVC) is formed by right and left BCVs
✓ The arch of the azygos vein joins SVC
✓ SVC enters the right atrium

37
Q

Describe the arterial plane of the superior mediastinum

A

✓ Ascending aorta with its braches (coronary arteries) are in the middle mediastinum
✓ Ascending aorta continues as the Aortic arch above the sternal angle - T4/5 plane
✓ Aortic arch curves up, backwards and slightly left behind the lower half of the manubrium
✓ Continues as the Thoracic (descending) aorta in the posterior mediastinum

38
Q

Describe the arterial plane of the superior mediastinum in relation to the aortic arch

A

Aortic arch has 3 branches
1. Brachiocephalictrunk
• Divides into right subclavian and right common carotid arteries
2. Left common carotid artery
3. Left subclavian artery
• Posterior and to the left of the trachea

39
Q

Describe the pulmonary arteries in the superior mediastinum

A

✓ The pulmonary trunk lies within the pericardium (hence middle mediastinum), to the left of the ascending aorta
✓ At the level of T4/5 disc, inferior to the Aortic arch, it divides into:
• Right pulmonary artery - Posterior to the ascending aorta and Superior vena cava
• Left pulmonary artery - Inferior to the arch of the aorta and anterior to the thoracic aorta

40
Q

What is the trachea?

A

✓ Air-transport tube in midline of neck
✓ Starts at the level of C6 vertebra, ends at
tracheal bifurcation (carina)
− May rise and descend to the level of T4 and T6 with deep inspiration and expiration

41
Q

What important structures can be found at the level of T3 in the superior mediastinum?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

Right brachiocephalic trunk

Left common carotid artery

42
Q

Where may pain in structures supplied by the phrenic nerve be referred to and why?

A

C4 Dermatome as ‘C3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive’ - C4 is the largest supplier of the phrenic nerve and so pain may be referred to its dermatome

This is from back of the neck to acromion process

43
Q

What are the four Ts associated with pathology of the anterior mediastinum?

A

Thymoma
Lower pole of Thyroid tumour
Terrible Lymphoma
Teratoma

Semester 1 Year 2 (69 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions