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CardioPulmRenal > Thoracic Cardiology > Flashcards

Thoracic Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the superior and inferior borders of the superior mediastinum?

A

superior - superior thoracic aperture

inferior - sternal angle

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2
Q

What are the superior and inferior borders of the inferior mediastinum?

A

superior - sternal angle

inferior - inferior thoracic aperture

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3
Q

What are the divisions of the inferior mediastinum?

A

anterior (in front of the heart)
middle (where the heart is)
posterior

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4
Q

What are the layers of the pericardium, superficial to deep?

A

fibrous pericardium
parietal serous pericardium
pericardial cavity
visceral serous pericardium (epicardium)

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5
Q

Where is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

traverses between the arterial and venous vessels at the superior part of the heart

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6
Q

What is the surgical significance of the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

allows access to the area posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk to clamp or insert tubes of a bypass machine into these vessels

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7
Q

What is the oblique pericardial sinus?

A

wide recess posterior to the base of the heart

-not a passage … just a result of the way the veins “fan out”

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8
Q

Delineate the flow of blood through the heart.

A

superior and inferior vena cava … R atrium … tricuspid valve … R ventricle … pulmonary valve … pulmonary trunk … pulmonary A. … lungs … pulmonary V. … L atrium … bicuspid valve … L ventricle … aortic valve … ascending aorta

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9
Q

What are the borders of the heart?

A

right - R atrium
inferior - R ventricle
left - L ventricle
superior - L atrium

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10
Q

What are the surfaces of the heart?

A

pulmonary - R atrium and L ventricle
diaphragmatic - R and L ventricles
sternocostal - R ventricle

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11
Q

What is the groove between the R atrium and the R ventricle and what vessel(s) runs there?

A

right atrioventricular groove

right coronary A.

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12
Q

What is the groove on the anterior side of the heart between the two ventricles and what vessel(s) run there?

A

anterior interventricular groove
anterior interventricular A.
great cardiac V.

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13
Q

What is the groove on the posterior side of the heart between the left atrium and left ventricle and what vessel(s) run there?

A

left atrioventricular groove

coronary sinus

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14
Q

What is the groove on the posterior side of the heart between the two ventricles and what vessel(s) run there?

A

posterior interventricular groove
posterior interventricular A.
middle cardiac V.

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15
Q

In the right atrium, what is the structure separating the smooth wall from the rough wall?

A

crista terminalis

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16
Q

In the right atrium, what is the rough wall?

A

pectinate m.

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17
Q

What are the pocket-like embryological remnants of the splitting into a right and left atrium?

A

right and left auricles

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18
Q

What is the smooth wall of the right atrium?

A

sinus venarum

  • posterior
  • thin-walled region where the venae cavae and coronary sinus empty
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19
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis and what is it?

A

on the interatrial septum in the right atrium

-embryological remnant of the foramen ovalis

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20
Q

In what heart chamber is the opening for the coronary sinus?

A

right atrium

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21
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

separating the right atrium from the right ventricle

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22
Q

What are the names of the cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

anterior
posterior
septal

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23
Q

What attaches each cusp to its corresponding papillary muscle?

A

chordae tendinae

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24
Q

What is the name of the rough wall in the right ventricle?

A

trabecula carnae

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25
Q

Where is the septomarginal trabeculum (aka moderator band)?

A

in the right ventricle, runs from interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle

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26
Q

What is housed in the septomarginal trabeculum?

A

right bundle branch of the atrioventricular bundle

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27
Q

What is the name of the smooth wall in the right ventricle?

A

conus ateriorsus

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28
Q

The conus arteriosus is near the entrance to which great vessel?

A

pulmonary trunk

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29
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk

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30
Q

What are the names of the cusps of the pulmonary valve?

A

right
left
anterior

31
Q

What is the pulmonary sinus?

A

space b/w the wall of the pulmonary trunk and the cusps

-“disappears” when the valve is open for blood flow

32
Q

Which walls are thicker, the right atrium or the left atrium?

A

left

33
Q

Which openings are in the left atrium?

A

4 pulmonary veins

34
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve?

A

separating the left atrium from the left ventricle

35
Q

What are the names of the cusps of the bicuspid valve?

A

anterior

posterior

36
Q

What is the name of the rough wall in the left ventricle?

A

trabecula carnae

37
Q

What is the aortic vestibule?

A

smooth wall in the left ventricle before entry into the ascending aorta

38
Q

What is housed inside the interventricular septum?

A

atrioventricular bundle
right bundle branch
left bundle branch

39
Q

What are the two parts of the interventricular septum?

A 
fibrous part
muscular part (larger)
40
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

separating the left ventricle from the ascending aorta

41
Q

What are the names of the cusps of the aortic valve?

A

left
right
posterior

42
Q

What openings are in the walls of the aortic sinuses?

A

right - right coronary A.

left - left coronary A.

43
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve in relation to other thoracic structures?

A

posterior to the body of the sternum and the level of the 4th and 5th intercostal spaces

44
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve in relation to other thoracic structures?

A

at the level of the 3rd costal cartilage

45
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve in relation to other thoracic structures?

A

posterior to the sternum, at the level of the 4th costal cartilage

46
Q

Where is the aortic valve in relation to other thoracic structures?

A

posterior to the left side of the sternum, at the level of the 3rd intercostal space

47
Q

What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart comprised of?

A

dense collagenous fibers

48
Q

What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton?

A
  • attachment for myocardium and valves
  • supports and strengthens the atrioventricular and semilumar orifices

-electrical barrier b/w atria and ventricles

49
Q

What happens at the beginning of diastole?

A

aortic and pulmonary valves close due to a drop in ventricular pressure

50
Q

What happens in early diastole?

A

-heart lengthens as the ventricles relax

  • atrioventricular valves open
  • blood enters ventricles
51
Q

What happens at the end of diastole?

A

atrial contraction to expel blood into the ventricles

52
Q

What happens at the beginning of systole?

A

atrioventricular valves close due to increased ventricular pressure

53
Q

What happens in early systole?

A

ventricles begin to contract

-increased pressure opens the pulmonary and aortic valves

54
Q

What happens at the end of systole?

A

full ventricular contraction and expel blood into the pulmonary trunk and aorta

55
Q

What is the sinuatrial node?

A

self-initializing collection of cardiac muscle fibers capable of creating its own action potential

56
Q

What does the atrioventricular node do?

A

receives signals from the SA node

57
Q

Which walls are thicker, atria or ventricles?

A

ventricles

58
Q

What structures help propagate the electric signal through the ventricle walls?

A

atrioventricular bundle
R and L bundle branches
subendocardial branches

59
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

lack of blood flow to a specific area of myocardium

60
Q

What are usual causes of a myocardial infarction?

A
  • blockage of a coronary artery
  • coronary atherosclerosis
  • buildup of lipids on internal walls of coronary A.
61
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

pain that originates in the heart and produces a strangling pain in the chest

62
Q

What is a typical cause of angina pectoris?

A
  • narrow or obstructed coronary A. that produces ischemia of myocardium
  • pain that accompanies a myocardial infarction
63
Q

Pathology: Ligamentum Arteriosum

A

-embryological remnant of the ductus arteriosus

64
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

-connection b/w the pulmonary trunk and the aortic arch during the fetal stage of development

65
Q

What is the clinical implication of the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

it leaves a weak spot in the wall of the aortic arch that is susceptible to aneuryms

66
Q

What nerve would be affected by an aortic aneurysm at the site of the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

left recurrent laryngeal A.

67
Q

What parts of the heart are accessible through a cardiac catheterization and which vein is used for the access?

A
  • right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
  • inserted into femoral V. and passed up into the inferior vena cava
68
Q

Why is the interventricular septum prone to defects?

A

it is comprised of two embryologically divergent tissues

69
Q

What is the result of atrial septal defects and ventricular septal defects?

A

mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood

70
Q

Where is an artificial pacemaker placed?

A

into the superior vena cava and down into the trabecula carnae of the right ventricle

71
Q

Pathology: Pericarditis

A
  • inflammation of the pericardium
  • rough pericardium = friction
  • can be observed w/ a stethoscope
  • untreated = pericardium can calcify
72
Q

Pathology: Pericardial Effusion

A
  • inflammation of the pericardium can result in fluid or pus in the pericardial sac
  • can compress the heart = cardiac tamponade
73
Q

Pathology: Pericardiocentesis

A
  • drainage of blood, fluid, or pus from the pericardial sac

- usually done to relieve cardiac tamponade

CardioPulmRenal (18 decks)

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