Osteology, Arthrology & Myology of the Thorax Flashcards
What are the boundaries of the superior thoracic aperture?
posterior - T1
lateral - 1st ribs and costal cartilage
anterior - superior border of manubrium
What are the contents of the superior thoracic aperture?
- trachea
- esophagus
-nerves/vessels that supply/drain the head, neck, and upper extremities
What are the boundaries of the inferior thoracic aperture?
posterior - T12
posterolateral - 11th and 12th ribs
anterolateral - joined costal cartilages of ribs 7-10
anterior - xiphisternal joint
What are the contents of the inferior thoracic aperture?
esophagus
inferior vena cava
aorta
Name the three bones of the sternum.
manubrium of the sternum
body of the sternum
xiphoid process of the sternum
Name the most superior notch on the manubrium of the sternum.
suprasternal notch
What are the superolateral notches on the manubrium of the sternum called and with what do they articulate?
clavicular notches; articulate with the clavicle
What are the notches on the lateral aspect of the sternum called?
costal notches
7 of them
Where is the first costal notch?
on the lateral aspects of the manubrium of the sternum
Where is the second costal notch?
on the lateral aspects of both the manubrium and the body of the sternum
Where are costal notches 3-6?
on the lateral aspects of the body of the sternum
Where is the 7th costal notch?
on the lateral aspects of both the body of the sternum and the xiphoid process of the sternum
What is the anterior portion of the manubriosternal joint called?
sternal angle
What are the true (vertebrocostal) ribs?
Ribs 1-7
What are the false (vertebrochondral) ribs?
Ribs 8-10
What are the floating (vertebral) ribs?
Ribs 11 and 12
What ribs are the atypical ribs?
Ribs 1, 2, 10-12
What are the typical ribs?
Ribs 3-9
Which pair of ribs is the shortest and broadest?
1st ribs
Which ribs are most sharply curved?
1st ribs
Name the landmarks (anterior to posterior) on the superior aspect of the 1st rib.
- groove for the subclavian V.
- scalene tubercle
- groove for the subclavian A.
How many articular facets are on Ribs 1 and 10-12?
one
What is the shape of the second ribs?
short
broad
What is the anatomical feature on the superior aspect of the second rib?
tuberosity for serratus anterior
Which ribs do not articulate with the sternum?
Ribs 11 and 12
True or False: Ribs 11 and 12 have no tubercle and thus, no neck.
True
Which ribs are most commonly fractured?
middle ribs
Where is the most common fracture site of the ribs?
just anterior to the costal angle
What are symptoms of a rib fracture?
severe pain with respiration, coughing, etc.
What are supernumerary ribs?
ribs in the C-spine or L-spine
What are symptoms of cervical ribs?
neural or circulatory problems based on proximity to brachial plexus and subclavian A.
What is a problem associated with lumbar ribs?
they can cause confusion when reading diagnostic images
What anatomical structures of a thoracic vertebra articulate with the ribs?
superior costal facet
inferior costal facet
transverse costal facet
With what does the superior costal facet of a thoracic vertebra articulate?
the inferior facet of the same numbered rib
With what does the inferior costal facet of a thoracic vertebra articulate?
the superior facet of the rib one number down
With what does the transverse costal facet of a thoracic vertebra articulate?
the costal tubercle of the same numbered rib
What are the two types of movements at the costovertebral joint?
- pump handle
- bucket handle
Describe the pump handle movement.
elevation of the sternal end of the rib
-increases anterior to posterior diameter of the thorax
Describe the bucket handle movement.
elevation of the lateral portion of the rib
-increases the transverse diameter of the thorax
What is the purpose of the two movements of the costovertebral joint?
-increase volume of the ribcage when breathing
What type of joint is the manubriosternal joint?
symphysis
What bones are involved in the manubriosternal joint?
manubrium of the sternum
body of the sternum
What ligaments are involved in the manubriosternal joint?
none
What type of joint is the xiphisternal joint?
synchondrosis
What bones are involved in the xiphisternal joint?
body of the sternum
xiphoid process
What ligaments are involved in the xiphisternal joint?
none
What type of joint is the 1st sternocostal joint?
synchondrosis
What bones or cartilage are involved in the 1st sternocostal joint?
1st costal cartilage
manubrium of the sternum
What ligaments are involved in the 1st sternocostal joint?
anterior radiate sternocostal L.
posterior radiate sternocostal L.
What type of joint are the 2nd through 7th sternocostal joints?
planar synovial
What bones or cartilage are involved in the 2nd through 7th sternocostal joints?
2nd-7th costal cartilages
body of the sternum
What ligaments are involved in the 2nd-7th sternocostal joints?
anterior radiate sternocostal L.
posterior radiate sternocostal L.
What type of joint are the thoracic vertebral joints?
symphysis
What bones are involved in the thoracic vertebral joints?
adjacent vertebral bodies bound by intervertebral discs
What ligaments are involved in the thoracic vertebral joints?
anterior longitudinal L.
posterior longitudinal L.
What type of joints are the zygapophyseal joints?
planar synovial
What bones are involved in the zygapophyseal joints?
inferior articulating processes of one vertebra and the superior articulating processes of the vertebra below
What ligaments are involved in the zygapophyseal joints?
anterior longitudinal L.
posterior longitudinal L.
What type of joints are the costovertebral joints?
planar synovial
What bones are involved in the costovertebral joints?
inferior facet of a rib w/ the superior costal facet of the same numbered vertebra
superior facet of a rib w/ the inferior costal facet of the vertebra one number above
What ligaments are involved in the costovertebral joints?
radiate L.
intra-articular L. (joins crest of head of the rib to the intervertebral disc)
What type of joints are the costotransverse joint?
planar synovial
What bones are involved in the costotransverse joint?
costal tubercle
transverse costal facet of the same numbered vertebra
What ligaments are involved in the costotransverse joints?
superior costotransverse L.
lateral costotransverse L.
What type of joints are the costochondral joints?
synchondrosis
What bones are involved in the costochondral joints?
lateral end of the costal cartilage
sternal end of ribs
What ligaments are involved in the costochondral joints?
none
What type of joints are the interchondral joints of ribs 7-8 and 8-9?
planar synovial
-adjacent costal cartilages
What types of joints are the interchondral joints of ribs 9-10?
fibrous
-adjacent costal cartilages
What ligaments are involved in the interchondral joints?
none
At what joint is a rib dislocation?
sternocostal
At what joint is a rib separation?
costochondral
What are the three layers of intercostal muscles, superficial to deep?
external intercostal mm.
internal intercostal mm.
innermost intercostal mm.
What is the action of the external intercostal muscles?
elevates ribs during forced inhalation
What is the action of the internal intercostal muscles?
depresses ribs
What is the innervation for the intercostal muscles?
intercostal N.
Between which two layers of intercostal muscles lies the neurovascular bundle?
internal intercostal mm. and innermost intercostal mm.
What are the attachments of the transverse thoracic muscles?
posterior surface of lower sternum
internal surfaces of 2nd-6th costal cartilages
What is the action of the transverse thoracic muscles?
weakly depresses ribs
What are the attachments of the subcostal muscles?
internal surface of lower ribs near the costal angle
superior border of 2nd or third ribs below
What is the action of the subcostal muscles?
depresses ribs
What is the innervation of the transverse thoracic muscles?
intercostal N.
What is the innervation of the subcostal muscles?
intercostal N.
What is thoracentesis?
- insertion of hypodermic needle through intercostal mm. b/w ribs
- obtain fluid sample or drain pleural cavity
Why is it important to insert a needle directly BETWEEN ribs?
avoid damage to neurovascular bundle along the inferior side of one rib and its collateral branches on the superior side of the rib below
What is the purpose of a chest tube?
to remove large amounts of air, fluid, or blood from the pleural cavity
Where is a chest tube normally inserted?
in the 5th or 6th intercostal space
What is a thoroscopy?
insertion of a thoroscope into pleural cavity for visualizing or biopsying the space
