Thoracic

Question 1

What are the great vessels

Answer 1

Vessels that go into or out of the heart

Question 2

What is the central compartment of the thorax called

Answer 2

mediastinum, it is the space between the lungs

Question 3

What is the specialized lymphoid organ of the immune system

Answer 3

Thymus

Question 4

What is the purpose of pericardial sac and pleural sac

Answer 4

These sacs surround the heart and lungs and secretes serous fluid that allows frictionless movement of the organ

Question 5

Which vertebral body seperates superior and inferior mediastinum in posterior and anteiror

Answer 5

4th Thoracic vertebra in posterior, angle of louis anterior

Question 6

What is the term used to describe when trachea enters the lungs

Answer 6

Biforkation at T4

Question 7

What are the 3 major structures that biforkate

Answer 7

Biforkation of common carotid at C4 into the neck, Trachea at T4 to the thorax, Abdominal aorta L4

Question 8

What are the 2 arteries that supply blood to the brain

Answer 8

Internal common carotid and vertebral artery

Question 9

What are the 3 branches of the internal thoracic artery

Answer 9

Anterior intercostal nerves supplying the intercostal spaces, musculophernic artery start from the 6th costal cartilage and goes down laterally, superior eipgastric artery goes into the abdominal wall anterior

Question 10

Which muscle is located with the long thoracic nerve with lateral thoracic artery

Answer 10

Serratus anterior muscle

Question 11

Where is the superior vena cava located

Answer 11

It is located at the right side, posterior to the costal cartilage of the first rib

Question 12

What vein system depletes the thoracic and anterolateral wall

Answer 12

Azygous vein

Question 13

What veins is the starting point of the azygous veins

Answer 13

Ascending lumbar veins

Question 14

How does the deoxygenated blood enter the right atrium in the thorax

Answer 14

In the anterior thorax, the anterior intercostal veins drain into the internal thoracic vein and into the brachiocephalic vein. The posterior intercostal vein drains the posterior and lateral thorax and then into the the azygous and hemiazygous veins and into the superior vena cava

Question 15

Where does the lymph nodes of most thoracic structures drain into

Answer 15

broncomediastinal trunk

Question 16

What parts are connected to the diaphragm

Answer 16

It is the roof of the abdomen and floor of the thorax, it is at L1 - L3, the medial and lateral arcuate ligaments and xiphoid process

Question 17

What are the 3 major lymph groups

Answer 17

Parasternal nodes scatter along the internal thoracic artery and recieve lymph from breast, anterior thoracic wall. Intercostal nerves are in the intercostal spaces near the neck, head and posterolateral part of the chest. Diaphragmatic nodes are on the superior surface of the diaphragm and drain the central tendon of diaphragm

Question 18

Diaphragm has 3 openings

Answer 18

Caval aperature (hiatus) at T8 to allow for IVC to pass, Esophageal aperature allows esophagus to pass at T10, aortic aperture at T12 allows for passage of aorta

Question 19

Pulmonary plexus

Answer 19

Continuation of the cardiac plexus, into the biforkation of the lungs, it regulates the movement of the pulmonary vessels and transmits sensation from the lung

Question 20

What ribs are around the breast

Answer 20

2nd and 6th rib

Question 21

What is retromammary space

Answer 21

It is losse connective tissue that sepetrates the breast from the fascia of the pectrolias major muscle and allows movement of the breast

Question 22

What branches supply the breast

Answer 22

Anterior intercostal branches, medial mammarly branchs, internal thoracic artery, lateral thoracic, thorcodorasl artery, axillary artery, and 2,3,4 intercostal arteries

Question 23

Which part of the body gives rise to coronary artery

Answer 23

Ascending aorta

Question 24

What branches gives rise to anterior and posterior intercostal artieries

Answer 24

Internal thoracic artery and descending aorta

Question 25

When is the aorta considered abdominal aorta

Answer 25

After it passes the diaphragm

Question 26

Where do aortic ruptures mainly occur, what is the location of the aortic isthmus

Answer 26

Aortic ruptures occur at the aortic isthmus, it is on the aortic arch and is immediately distal to the origin of the left subcalabian artery

Question 27

What muscle separates the subclavian artery segments

Answer 27

Scalene anterior

Question 28

What artery does thyrocervical trunk form

Answer 28

Inferior thyroid artery

Question 29

What are the segments of the axillary artery

Answer 29

1: superior thoracic artery for the 1st and 2nd intercostal spaces 2. thoracoacrominal artery, lateral thoracic artery 3. Subscapular artery that gives out circumflex scapular and thoracdorsal, posterior humeral circumflex and anterior humeral circumflex artery

Question 30

How is the intercostal spaces supplied

Answer 30

Anterior: anterior intercostal arteries, 1-6 from internal thoracic artery and 7-9 from musculophernic artery Posterior: posterior intercostal arteries, 1-2 from superior intercostal artery from costocervical trunk and 3-11 by descending aorta

Question 31

What veins combine to make SVC and where is it located

Answer 31

Brachiocephalic veins, posterior to the 1st costal cartilage

Question 32

What are the lymphs of the thorax

Answer 32

Thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct, broncomeidastinal trunk

Question 33

What are the 3 lymph nodes of the thorax

Answer 33

Parasternal - run along internal thoracic artery, drain breast, anterior thoracic wall and upper abdominal wall intercostal- drain the intercostal spaces in the head and neck of ribs diaphragmatic nodes - drains superior part of diaphragm

Question 34

What causes paralysis of diaphragm and right hemidiaphragm

Answer 34

Damage to phernic nerve causing the diaphragm to not go down during inspiration but is pushed upward due to abdominal pressure

Question 35

What side and aspect does the diaphragmatic ruptures occur

Answer 35

Left side, posterolateral aspect

Question 36

What is the retromammary space

Answer 36

Loose CT that separates the underlying fascia and pectoralis major muscle

Question 37

What arteries supply the breast

Answer 37

Internal thoracic artery, thoracodorsal and lateral thoracic artery and 2,3,4 th posterior intercostal artery

Question 38

Where does the great venous blood drain into

Answer 38

Axillary vein or internal thoracic vein

Question 39

What nerve is damaged in the numbness of medial arm

Answer 39

Intercostalbrachial nerve

Question 40

What are the important points of the sternum

Answer 40

Manubrium has jugular notch and articulates with 2nd rib and clavicle Body is with 2nd to 7th ribs Xiphoid process

Question 41

How does the head and tubercle of the rib attach to the thoracic vertebrae

Answer 41

Head of the rib attaches to the costal demifacets on the vertebra Tubercle of the rib attaches to the facets on the transverse process of the vertebra

Question 42

What is the difference between costovertebral and costotransverse

Answer 42

Costovertebral: When the head of the rib attaches to the superior and inferior demifactes of two thoracic vertebra Costotransverse: Ehen the tubercle of the rib attaches to the facets on transverse process of the thoracic vertebra

Question 43

What is the function of the scalene muscle

Answer 43

Raise the upper ribs during inspiration

Question 44

What is the function of external, internal and innermost intercostal muscles

Answer 44

External helps raise the ribs during inspiration, internal and innermost lower the ribs during expiration