Abdomen

Question 1

what covers the abdominal wall, what are the 2 types of the covering layer

Answer 1

Abdominal wall is covered by peritoneum, visceral peritoneum is around the organs, parietal peritoneum which is from the peritoneum to the wall

Question 2

What is found between the parietal and visceral peritoneum layer

Answer 2

Peritoneal fluid, which lubricates the cavity

Question 3

What are the segments of the abdomen

Answer 3

Check slide 5

Question 4

How can you find the Inguinal ligament

Answer 4

It is laterally to the anterior superior iliac spine and medially to pubic tubercle

Question 5

How is the abdomen divided into 9 segments

Answer 5

There are 2 vertical lines and 2 horizontal lines, vertical lines run in the midclavicular line, the 2 horizontal lines run through lower part of the 10th rib and the peak of the two iliac crests

Question 6

What organs are found in the 4 quadrants of the abdomen

Answer 6

RU: liver and galbladder RL: cecum and appendix LU: Stomach and spleen LL: end of descending colon and sigmoid colon

Question 7

What is the most common area of colon cancer

Answer 7

Sigmoid colon

Question 8

What is the transpyloric plane

Answer 8

Transverse plane or horizontal line that is halfway between jugular notch and pubic crest, it is at T12 - L1, pylorus of stomach, ampulla of duodenum, celiac trunk, superior mesentric artery, origin of portal vein, neck of pancreas, left colic flexure of large intestine

Question 9

What is linea alba

Answer 9

Shallow groove that runs vertically along the median plane from xiphoid to pubis. It separates the left and right abdominus rectus, and also stops spreading of infection from one side to another. It is formed from the joining of the external, internal oblique transverse abdominis

Question 10

Where is the pyramidalis

Answer 10

pubis infiere and to the linea alba, innervated by anterior rami T12

Question 11

What is the rectus sheath

Answer 11

Rectus abdominis and pyramidalis are enclosed in the rectus sheath, it is formed from aponeurosis of the lateral muscles, external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis

Question 12

What is the weakness of the linea alba

Answer 12

Umbilicus due to umbilical cord of embryogenesis

Question 13

What forms the conjoint tendon

Answer 13

Conjoint tendon forms from the joining of the transverse abdominis muscle and internal oblique aponeuroses and attach to the pubis

Question 14

What is the semilunar line

Answer 14

It runs in the lateral edges of the abdomen and is an extension of the rectus sheath

Question 15

Where does the rectus abdominis muscle originate, innervate, inserts and its function

Answer 15

Originates from pubic crest and symphysis pubis, inserts at costal cartilage 5-7 with xiphoid process, innervated by 7th to 12th intercostal nerves, it helps to flex vertebral column and compress abdomen

Question 16

What muscles make up the posterior wall of the abdomen

Answer 16

psoas major and minor, quadratus lumborum, iliacus and diaphragm

Question 17

What is the muscle that allows TB and diseases from thoracic region to spread to thigh

Answer 17

Psoas major muscle

Question 18

Which umbilical fold contains the inferior epigastric artery

Answer 18

lateral umbilical fold

Question 19

What is the iliopubic tract and where does it connect

Answer 19

iliopubic tract is thickened transveralis fascia that connects to the posterior region of the inguinal ligament

Question 20

How is the inguinal ligament formed

Answer 20

Aponeurosis of the inferior end of the external oblique

Question 21

What are the 3 peritoneal fossa

Answer 21

peritoneal fossae exist between the peritoneal folds and are sites of herniation, there is supravesical fossa, medial inguinal fossa, lateral umbilical fossa, use abbreviation SMILU

Question 22

What is the falciform ligament and what does it enclose

Answer 22

Falciform ligament is a double layered ligament that goes between the liver and abdominal wall, it goes superiorly from the umbilicus to the roof of the abdomen, remnant of the umbilical veins and paraumbilical vein

Question 23

What arteries does then external iliac artery make

Answer 23

inferior epigastric artery and deep circumflex iliac artery

Question 24

What are the abdominal aorta banches

Answer 24

ISL, intercostal, subcostal and lumbar

Question 25

What does the thoracoepigastric vein do

Answer 25

It connects the superficial epigastric vein and the lateral thoracic vein

Question 26

Where do the superior and inferior veins drain to

Answer 26

Superiorly, they drain to the internal thoracic and lateral thoracic veins, inferiorly, they drain to the inferior and superficial epigastric vein

Question 27

Where do the upper regions drain into

Answer 27

axillary and parasternal nodes before draining into the L or R jugulosubclavian junction

Question 28

Where do the lower regions drain to

Answer 28

Superificial inguinal node to the common iliac and external iliac node, to the thoracic duct

Question 29

What are the 4 borders of the inguinal ligament

Answer 29

External oblique aponeuroses anteriorly, floor as inguinal ligament, roof as transversus abdominus and internal oblique aponeuroses, posterior as conjoint tendon and transveralis fascia

Question 30

Which ligament do we cut to enlarge the femoral ring

Answer 30

Lacunar ligament

Question 31

What is the onset difference in direct and indirect inguinal hernias

Answer 31

Direct inguinal hernias occur in middle aged males, indirect inguinal hernias occur in young males as it is congenital

Question 32

What are the layers of the spermatocord

Answer 32

ICE tie, Interior spermatic fascia by transversalis fascia, cremaster muscle and fascia by internal oblique, external spermatic fascia by internal oblique

Question 33

What is the origin and actions of external and internal oblique and transverse abdominis

Answer 33

External: 5th to 12th rib, Unilateral: bends trunk to same side, rotates trunk to opposite side. Bilateral: flexes trunk, compress abdomen, stabilize pelvis, same actions for internal oblique,
Transversus abdominis: unilateral: rotates trunk toward same side Bilateral: compress abdomen

Question 34

What forms the inguinal ligament

Answer 34

It is formed from inferior edge of external oblique aponeurosis, laterally to anterior superior iliac spine and medial to pubic tubercle. Medically, it forms laminar ligament that attaches to the pubis

Question 35

What 5 muscles make up the posterior abdominal wall

Answer 35

Psoas major, psoas minor, quadratic lumbordum, iliacus and diaphragm

Question 36

What 4 arteries supply the abdomen

Answer 36

Internal thoracic artery through musculophennic and superior epigastric artery
External iliac artery forms inferior epigastric artery and deep circumflex iliac artery
Abdominal aorta forms intercostal, sub costal and lumbar arteries
Femoral artery forms superficial epigastric and superficial circumflex iliac artery

Question 37

What 2 veins anastomose to form thoracoepigastric vein

Answer 37

Axillary and femoral vein, superficial epigastric vein

Question 38

What are the lymphs that drain the upper and lower region

Answer 38

Axillary and parasternal nodes for upper that drain into jugulosubclavian junction
Superficial inguinal nodes for lower that drain into common and external iliac nodes that go to thoracic duct

Question 39

What 2 cords are found in the inguinal canal

Answer 39

Spermaticord in males, round ligament of uterus in female

Question 40

Hat is the difference in onset of direct and indirect hernias

Answer 40

Indirect hernias are congenital and found in young males while direct hernia is common in middle aged males