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Anatomy > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What is the artery and vein that is used for coronary shunt surgery

A

Internal thoracic artery, great saphenous vein

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2
Q

What nerves runs along the leg lateral to the great saphenous vein

A

Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

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3
Q

What is plantarflexion and dorsiflexion

A

Plantar flexion is flexion of foot, dorsiflexion is extension of foot

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4
Q

Inversion and eversion of foot is in what directions

A

Inversion is supination of foot, moving foot into the midline
Eversion is pronation of foot, moving foot out of midline

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5
Q

What is the ligament of the head of femur, what artery is in it and what artery gives its branch

A

Ligamentum teres, contains rectinacular artery which is branch of medial humeral circumflex artery

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6
Q

What artery is found inside the ligamentum teres, where does this artery originate

A

Foveolar artery, it is the acetabular branch of the Obturator artery

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7
Q

Who are most susceptible for femoral neck fracture

A

Femoral neck fracture occurs mainly in women over 60 years with osteoporosis

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8
Q

How is the femoral bone affected in fractures (the displacement of the bone)

A

Femoral bone is pulled upward by quadriceps femoris, adductor and hamstring muscles, causing shortening and lateral/external rotation

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9
Q

What artery supplies the femoral head

A

Retinacular artery by medial circumflex femoral artery

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10
Q

What is the symptoms of congenital hip dislocation and how can it be identified

A

Congenital hip dislocation causes the femoral head to be seated improperly in acetabulum, this causes shortening of the limb
In neonatal, we adduct and push the leg posteiorly, this cause a click sound

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11
Q

What nerve can be damaged in accquired hip dislocation

A

Sciatic nerve

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12
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the gluteal region

A

Gluetus Maximus, minimus, medius, tensor fasica latae

Gluteus medius is aponeurosis and most medial, tensor fascia is the most lateral

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13
Q

What is the action of gluetus maximus muscle

A

Gluteus Maximus is an extension of hip joint, flexed while standing, extended while sitting

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14
Q

What is piriform syndrome, what nerve is compressed and how can we differentiate it from sciatica

A

Piriform syndrome occurs due to inflammation of piriforms muscle which compressed the sciatic nerve that is inferior to it, causing pain in posterior thigh and gluteal regions. Sciatia is different as it is compression of lumbar nerves by IV hernias

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15
Q

Where should intramuscular gluteal injections be done (in what quadrant)

A

These injections should only be done on the superior lateral quadrant to avoid the sciatic nerve and vessels

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16
Q

What do the medial and lateral epicondyle attach

A

Ligaments of the knee

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17
Q

What muscles is the main extensor of the knee (patellar joint)

A

It is the main extensor of the knee joint

18
Q

What muscles flexes both hip and thigh

A

Sartorius muscle

19
Q

What is the action of recuts femoris , psoas major and iliacus muscle

A

Recuts femoris: Extends leg at knee joint and steadies hip joint, helps iliopdoss to flex thigh at hip
Psoas major: helps Iliacus flex the thigh at high joint ]
Iliacus: Acts on psoas major and flexes thigh at hip joint

20
Q

What are the contents in and out of the femoral sheath and femoral triangle

A

Triangle: Nerve, artery, vein, ring and lymph
Sheath: Vein, artery and Canal

21
Q

What 2 fasica extend to form the femoral sheath

A

Transversal is fasica and iliacus fascia

22
Q

Where do femoral hernia pass in the femoral canal, what artery is blocked and what hiatus is protruded

A

Femoral hernia passes through the femoral ring in the inferior upper thigh lateral to the pubic tubercle. Corona mortis from Obtuator artery is blocked and the saphenous hiatus is protruded

23
Q

What is the function of anterior and posterior muscles of the thigh

A

Anterior: extend knee, flex hip
Posterior: Flex knee, extend hip

24
Q

What actions of median and lateral muscles occur

A

Median muscles: Adduction and internal rotation

Lateral muscles: Abduction and external rotation

25
Q

What is the origin and action for posterior thigh muscles

A

Semitendinous - ischial tuberosity, Extends thigh at hip, flexes knee, rotates it medially
Semimembranours - Same as semitendinous
Biceps femoris- long head at tuberosity, short head with supracondylar line of femur, flexes leg at knee, laterally rotates

26
Q

What are the areas to feel the pulses of the femoral area

A

Femoral artery: Pulse in the femoral triangle
Popliteal artery: Pulse in the popliteal fossa
Posterior tibial artery: posterior to medial malleolus
Dorsal pedul artery: Dorsum of the foot

27
Q

What causes problems with unhappy triad muscles

A

Force to lateral side of the leg from contact injury

28
Q

What is the functions of the extrascapularligaments

A

Medial collateral - limits extension and abduction on the leg
Lateral collateral - limits extension and adduction on the leg

29
Q

What is the function of intrascapular ligaments

A

ACL - Prevents posterior slippage

PCL - prevents anterior slippage

30
Q

What muscles make up the triceps surae muscles

A

Gastrocnemius muscle, 2 heads and soleus muscle, all posterior muscles plantar flex the foot

31
Q

What is the function of the anterior muscle compartment of the leg

A

They extend the muscles and dorsiflex by the extensor muscle

32
Q

What muscles do aversion and eversion of leg

A

Lateral muscles

33
Q

What muscles do inversion of the leg

A

Anterior and posterior muscles

34
Q

What causes genu varum and genu valgum

A

Genu Varum: bowleg, excessive varus angulation

Genu Valgum: knock knee, excessive vagus angulation

35
Q

What are the parts of the talus and what do they connect with

A

Talus has the body that articulates with tibia and fibula, head that articulates with the navicular joint

36
Q

What part of the calcaneus bone forms the medial arch of the foot

A

Sustentaculum tali

37
Q

What nerve is damaged in fibula neck fracture

A

Common perineal nerve causing foot drop as this paralysis of anterior and lateral compartments of the leg

38
Q

What muscles are affected during Achilles’ tendon rupture

A

Achilles’ tendon rupture disables triceps surae muscle, patient is unable to plantar flex

39
Q

What ligaments are affected in pott’s fracture

A

Forced eversion/ abduction of the foot due to medial ligament or medial malleolus damage
Forced inversion/ adduction due to lateral malleolus or lateral ligament tear

40
Q

Where do high and low ankle sprains mainly occur

A

High ankle sprains: anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments
Low ankle sprains: anterior talofibular ligament in the lateral ligament

41
Q

Where do we palpate to feel dorsal pedal pulse

A

Dorsal pedal artery lateral to the extensor hallicus tendon

Anatomy (6 decks)

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