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Hanna's Midterm > THIS IS IT! > Flashcards

THIS IS IT! Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental Trajectories Definitiojn

A

the pinning of specific developmental markers to certain time frames, The child may possess “germinal powers” the child may develop into a sturdy oak, a willow that bends with every wind, a thorny cactus, or even a poisonous weed.

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2
Q

Themes of developmental theories

A
  1. Nature vs Nurture
  2. Continuity vs Discontinuity
  3. Stability vs Change
  4. Early vs Later Life experiences
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3
Q

Nature vs Nurture

A

Are developmental changes the result of innate characteristics (nature) or environmental influences (nurture)?

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4
Q

Continuity vs Discontinuity

A

Is human development a gradual and continuous process in which individuals build on previously acquired knowledge and skills or is it a discontinuous process, involving a series of discrete stages in which new knowledge and behaviors emerge abruptly?

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5
Q

Stability vs Change

A

As individuals develop, do their characteristics remain stable over time or do they change? For example, if an individual is very talkative and outgoing as a child, will this trait remain constant into adulthood?

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6
Q

Early vs Later Life Experiences

A

Do early childhood experiences have the greatest impact on development or are later life events just as important?

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7
Q

Freud theory of early vs later life experiences

A

He believed early life experiences shape your life

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8
Q

Developmental Trajectories

A
  1. Sensorimotor Stage
  2. Properational Stage
  3. Concrete Operational Stage
  4. Formal Operational Stage
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9
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

0 - 2 months
children develop motor skills and interact with objects

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10
Q

pre-operational stage

A

2 - 7 months
children develop language and symbolic thinking

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11
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

7 - 11
More flexible thinking

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12
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

12 months +
Children can think abstractly

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13
Q

Mirror Mark Test

A

children discovering themselves in the mirror – can they recognize themselves?

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14
Q

Key ingredients for a successful attachment

A

Warmth and Responsiveness

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15
Q

Warmth examples

A

affection, touch, nurturing gestures

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16
Q

Responsiveness Examples

A

sensitive back and forth with child, too much or too little – just right

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17
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Conducted the Strange Situation

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18
Q

Phases of Attachment

A

They are four phases of attachment.

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19
Q

First Phase of Attachment

A

Birth - 3 months
social gestures w/ limited selectivity
ex: social and visual smiling, babbling, crying, reflexes

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20
Q

Second Phase of Attachment

A

3 months - 6 months
focusing on familiar people

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21
Q

Third Phase of Attachment

A

6 months - 3 years
intense attachment & active proximity-seeking
ex: separation anxiety, fear of strangers

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22
Q

Fourth Phase of Attachment

A

3 years
End of Partnership behavior

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23
Q

The Strange Situation - what’s the experiment?

A

Parent and infant enter the room.
A strange enters the room. Approaches infant.
The parent leaves.
Stranger and the infant are alone together.
Parent enters, greets infant.

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24
Q

What does the Strange Situation test

A

The infant’s behavior upon the parent’s return is the basis for classifying the infant into one of four attachment categories

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25
Q

What are the four attachment styles?

A
  1. secure
  2. insecure-avoidant
  3. insecure-ambivanet
  4. disorganized
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26
Q

Secure Attachment Style

A

Most common - 60%
Associated with sensitive care, which is characterized by consistently available and responsive caregiving.

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27
Q

Insecure Avoidant Style

A

20%
Fails to cry on separation from parent.
Focuses on toys environment, avoids and ignores parent on reunion
Associated with insensitive, unresponsive, and rejecting parenting style

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28
Q

Insecure Ambivalent Style

A

10%
Associated with inconsistent parenting style

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29
Q

Disorganized Style

A

14-24%
Associated with abuse, neglect, parental mental illness

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30
Q

Harlow’s Monkeys

A

This proved that small children/ infants need their parents and need that social connection

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31
Q

Adult Attachment Interview

A

a. Parents’ patterns of narrating the “story” of their own early family life correlated with their children’s Strange Situation classification.

b. The AAI is a narrative assessment of an adult’s “state of mind with respect to attachment.”

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32
Q

Grice’s 4 maxims of discourse

A

Quality – be truthful & have evidence
Quantity – be succinct, yet complete
Relation – be relevant or perspicacious
Manner – be clear & orderly

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33
Q

What attachment style did Matilda have?

A

INSECURE AVOIDANT!

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34
Q

What happens during first trimester?

A

Corpus Luteum secretes hCG. Influx of the hormone hCG in the tenth week within the first trimester-> causes morning sickness.

As placenta develops, secrets Progesterone in higher levels to continue supporting the pregnancy. (Peaks at 8 months)

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35
Q

What happens second trimester?

A

Mom begins to feel less sick and is more energetic. Estrogen and progesterone levels continue rising

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36
Q

What happens third trimester?

A

Estrogen and progesterone will peak in months 8-9 Right before birth, estrogen and progesterone levels will drop rather quickly. This is a sign that labor will begin soon.

This quick drop in estrogen and progesterone cause mom to have mood swings.

After pregnancy has ended, hormone levels are unstable. This is part of the reason why some moms develop postpartum depression.

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37
Q

Teratogen

A

Exposure to the fetus results in functional defects, malformations, growth restriction

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38
Q

Examples of Teratogen environmental toxins

A

substances, mercury, led, pesticides

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39
Q

what can substances lead too during pregnancy?

A

neurological disorders, growth restrictions, miscarriage

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40
Q

examples of teratogen toxins

A

substances, mercury, led, pesticides, nutritional deficiency, vertically transmitted infections, zika virus

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41
Q

How can maternal stress impact the womb?

A

Create long term changes in basic biological functioning of the baby

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42
Q

Epigenetics

A

Functional changes to the genome not caused by changes in the actual DNA sequence

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43
Q

Breastfeeding Pros

A
  1. Short term digestion (better for digestion)
  2. Immune system benefits for babies (helps them with common infections and allergies)
  3. Long term nutritional benefits
    a. Less chance of having Diabetes, heart disease
  4. Helps mom recover from birth
    a. Oxytocin stimulates uterus to contract, return to prepregnancy weight
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44
Q

Breastfeeding Cons

A
  1. Can’t measure how much baby is eating
  2. Keeping up with the baby’s feeding schedule can be difficult
  3. Mother’s need to be careful with what they eat/drink because some substances that go into your body are passed to the baby by the milk
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45
Q

How many premature births per year?

A

1/2 million premature births per year

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46
Q

Who was the earliest premature baby in the world?

A

James Elgin Gill - 128 days

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47
Q

Examples of evidence based interventions for premature infants

A

i. Skin to skin contact “kangaroo care”
ii. Quiet and dark climate controlled incubators
iii. Breastmilk once feeding
iv. Music therapy for older preterm neonates
v. Sucrose for help with pain management during procedures
vi. Early intervention testing and services post hospital

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48
Q

Percentage of mothers that undergo post-partum depression

A

15-20% of mothers

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49
Q

What do mothers experience facing postpartum depression?

A

i. Mood lability
ii. Irritability
iii. Difficulty sleeping
iv. Feelings of guilt, fear, hopelessness
v. Difficulty concentrating
vi. Changes in appetite
vii. Sleep loss

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50
Q

When does Postpartum depression occur?

A

usually happens in about 6 weeks after birth

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51
Q

How does postpartum depression effect the baby?

A

Moms feel inward and don’t give their kids the responsive care they need

Babies also are looking at somebody’s face who isn’t moving a lot, and so babies aren’t getting that sensitive back and forth that babies really learn a lot from in the early months, which can even lead to affecting their attachment and emotion recognition

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52
Q

Infancy Reflexes

A
  1. Rooting - helps the baby to feed (helps baby mouth on things, like a nipple)
  2. Stepping- babies do the pattern of walking, but can’t walk because of their muscles
  3. Grasping
  4. Swimming- babies have the instinct of holding their breath in water, but lose it after ⅔ months
  5. Startle
  6. Eyeblink
  7. Sucking
  8. Gagging
53
Q

What is the growth during a baby’s first 3 years?

A

Babies brains triple in weight during first two years of life; babies weight tripled by first birthday AND social, emotional, cognitive, and motor systems make huge advances in first year

54
Q

How does taste begin during a baby’s first 3 years?

A

Taste preferences begin in the womb with the mother’s diet and can continue to expose to different tastes via breast milk; puree and soft foods introduced at 6-9 months

55
Q

When does language acquisition occur?

A

first words (10-14 months) but receptive language development is earlier

56
Q

What are the learning processes?

A
  1. Classical Conditioning
  2. Operant Conditioning
  3. Habiutation
  4. Imitation and Social learning
57
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

pairing neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus to produce response to now “conditioned” stimulus

ex. mom picking up + food = baby stops crying when picked up in anticipation of food

58
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

positive and negative shape responses in the future

ex: Baby smiling when parents give attention

59
Q

What is Habituation

A

decreased response or attention to stimulus with repeated presentations

Ex: like a baby turning away after the same toy is presented several times

60
Q

What is Imitation and Social Learning

A

Soon after birth babies can imitate simple faces, and are socially interested in the actions of others.
They can learn through modeling, and imitation of valued others

61
Q

How does cultural influence play a role in this?

A

Cultural influences affect the development of motor skills, temperament, language acquisition, object permanence, and more Affect the timeline of acquisition/milestones

Better gross motor when more open spaces and stimulation to move and explore

62
Q

Temperaments that occur in infants

A

Easy (40%)
Difficult (10%)
Slow to Warm (15%)
Mixed (35%)

63
Q

When is toddlerhood?

A

Ages 1-3

64
Q

Major milestones during toddlerhood?

A

first steps
increased physical activity
sort objects by shape and color
imitation of complex actions
express range of emotions

65
Q

What is a major motivation for toddlers?

A

independence and control

66
Q

Tasks for toddlers

A

Potty Training (Independent Toileting)

First school/class entry (Separation from Caregiver)

Move to Cooperative Play

Language Explosion (2yrs to 3 yrs)

Empathy, shame, and more complex feelings

67
Q

Where does self control occur?

A
  1. Language
  2. Cognitive Maturation
  3. Real and Imagined Consequences by Caretakers
68
Q

What does a enriched environment look like?

A

i. Know motor, cognitive, and social/emotional milestones

ii. Read to your kids (helps w vocabulary and etc !)

iii. Take care of yourself to maintain a warm and responsive interaction style and to maintain your parenting skills

iv. Provide sensory information and talk to your kids about what they are seeing/smelling/touching/tasting/hearing

69
Q

What does a deprived environment look like?

A

i. No books or sources for learning

ii. Little to no interaction with parents

iii. No praise for tasks completed correctly

iv. Limited food and clothing

v. Usually found in poverty stricken homes

70
Q

Major Milestones - Physical / Motor

A

Walking
Climbing
Dressing
Riding tricycles
Drawing

71
Q

Major Milestones - Cognitive

A

Cause-effect
Categorization
Multistep Directions
Self Directed Play and Learning

72
Q

Major Milestones - Language

A

First words
2 word phrases
vocabulary explosion

73
Q

Major Milestones - Social and Emotional

A

Seperation from caregiver
social conenctions to peers
sharing
Self control
Emotion Regulation

74
Q

What is the Marshmallow test?

A

The experiment measures a child’s sense of self control (some are able toresist temptation, while others go for immediate gratification).

75
Q

What does the Marshmallow test do?

A

Self control can vary despite the children being of the same age.

Certain factors can influence this such as a child coming from a poor family in which sweets may be rare hence why they choose immediate gratification.

76
Q

What are the outcomes for Physical Punishment

A

more aggression, lower moral development, reduced self esteem, mental health problems, associated with abuse

BUT immediate compliance

77
Q

What does long-term spanking lead too

A

A boomerang effect.

The behavior will come back.

78
Q

What are the types of play?

A

Physical
Symbolic
Concrete
Rule governed games

79
Q

What is physical play

A

Birth - 2 years

Sense and motor skills used

Relationship between body and environment

80
Q

What is symbolic play?

A

Age 2-7

Symbols of language + mental imagery

Using an object to represent something else

81
Q

What is concrete play?

A

age 7-11

Logical/flexible thinking

Games that are logical and easily understandable

82
Q

What is rule governed games?

A

Age 12 - Adulthood

Hypothetical thinking and abstract reasoning

83
Q

What are the functions of play?

A

to imitate adults

To play out real roles in an intense way

To reflect relationships & experiences

To express pressing needs

To release unacceptable impulses

To reverse roles usually taken

To mirror growth

To work out problems & experiment with solutions (Hartly, Frank, and Goldenson)

84
Q

Types of play

A

unoccupied
solitary
onlooker
parallel
associative
cooperative

85
Q

Imaginary friends

A

1/3 kids, usually in preschool

Normal till 9 years old

86
Q

What is human development?

A

The way people grow and change across a lifespan

87
Q

What is embryology?

A

The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.

88
Q

What is neurobiology?

A

The study of cells of the nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediates behavior

89
Q

What is culture?

A

The dynamic pattern & processes which comprise a group’s values, beliefs, practices, art and technology

90
Q

Gene

A

A portion of DNA located at a particular site (locus) on a chromosome that codes for the production of certain kinds of proteins

91
Q

Allele

A

An alternate form of a gene

Typically, there are 2 alleles, one inherited from the individual’s mother & one from the father

92
Q

Phenotype

A

The visible expression of the person’s particular physical & behavioral characteristics

Created by the interaction of a person’s genetic makeup with the environment

93
Q

Genotype

A

The particular set of genes a person inherits from his or her parents

94
Q

Herability

A

what % of variation seen in individuals can be accounted for by genetic factors

i. 60-90% for Schizophrenia, Autism, ADHD, Bipolar Ds
ii. 20-50% for Depression & Generalized Anxiety
iii. 20% for Adverse Life Experiences

95
Q

Range of Reaction

A

The notion that the human being’s genetic makeup establishes a range of possible developmental outcomes, within which environmental forces largely determine how the person actually develops

96
Q

Epigentics

A

study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence (Imprinting)

97
Q

Common misconceptions about genes and gene-environment interactions

A

a. Genes limit potential
b. Strong genetic effects mean that environmental effects are not important
c. Nature and Nurture are separate
d. Genetic influences diminish with age
e. Genes regulate only static characteristics

98
Q

What are dominant traits?

A

1.Curly hair
2. Dark hair
3. Facial dimples
4. Normal hearing
5. Normal vision
6. Freckles
7. Unattached earlobe
8. Can roll tongue in U-Shape

99
Q

What are recessive traits?

A
  1. Straight hair
  2. Blonde hair
  3. No dimples
  4. Deafness (some forms)
  5. Nearsighted vision
  6. No freckles
  7. Attached earlobe
  8. Cannot roll tongue
100
Q

what does co-dominance lead too

A

blood type

101
Q

what does sex-linked lead too

A
  1. hemophilia
  2. color blindness
102
Q

what does imprinting lead too

A

polygenic

103
Q

What is Mendelian inheritance?

A

single-gene inheritance

a particular genotype at one location is both necessary & sufficient for the character to be expressed.

usually reflect disorders that are closely related to primary gene action (PKU, Sickle Cell, Amenia)

104
Q

What is Multifactorial Inheritance?

A

traits or disorders which depend on the expression of many genes and varying degrees of environmental influence

heart disease, breast cancer, intelligence, temperament, depression & anxiety

105
Q

What is a Passive Gene-Environment interaction?

A

environment created by parents w/ particular genetic predispositions encourages the expression of similar tendencies in their children

106
Q

What is a Active Gene-Environment interaction?

A

people’s genes encourage them to seek out experiences compatible with their inherited tendencies.

107
Q

What is a Evocative Gene-Environment interaction?

A

individual’s inherited tendencies to evoke certain environmental responses

108
Q

What is a shared environment?

A

A set of conditions or experiences shared by children raised in the same family

ex: Trauma exposure, nutrition, affection, school

109
Q

What is a nonshared environment

A

A set of conditions or activities experienced by one child in a family but not shared with another child in the family

Friend group, attention, bullying, gender, age

110
Q

Gene x Environment Interactions examples

A

Bladder cancer and smoking

Malnutrition and growth

Skin cancer and sunlight

111
Q

What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?

A

a model that explains how a person’s development is shaped by their interactions with their environment and the people in it.

112
Q

What is the ecobiodevelopment framework?

A

comprised of the convergence of biology, health and development, and physical and social ecology.

113
Q

What is resilience?

A

Process of patterns of positive adaption and development in the context of significant risk or adversity.

114
Q

What is risk?

A

A condition that carries high odds for measured maladjustment in critical domains.

ex: poverty and community violence.

115
Q

What is positive adaption?

A

Meeting stage-salient developmental tasks

Positive internal function
- psychological well-being
- physical health

Positive external function
- school or work performance
- relationships

116
Q

What is competence?

A

Effective functioning in the world in reference to expectations based on norms of behavior in a given context, culture, and time in history.

117
Q

What is human adaptive systems?

A

Resilience as powered by basic human adaptive systems shaped through biological & cultural evolution.

Protective systems which include individual capabilities, social supports & relationships, and community resources

118
Q

What are examples protective systems?

A
  • Attachment Relationships
  • Agency & Mastery Motivation
  • Intelligence
  • Self-regulation
  • meaning making
119
Q

What are the explanatory models?

A

Compensatory or “main effect”

Protective or “moderating effect”

Challenge

Gene-environment interaction

120
Q

What is the protective / modeling effect?

A

Factor or process that has effects that vary depending on the level of the task.

Risk dependent: The greater/higher the risk, the greater/stronger the effect

Buffering or ameliorating influence

Ex: Good parenting, airbags, antibodies (protects you if you are exposed again).

121
Q

What is compensatory / main effect?

A

Factors that neutralize or counterbalance exposure to risk or stress.

Can have direct, independent, and positive effects on outcome

Act regardless of risk level iii. Assets, resources, and promotive factors

Ex: Good parenting, high socioeconomic status, solid cognitive abilities

122
Q

What is the challenge model?

A

Manageable doses of exposure to adversity prepare an organism for adversity by strengthening capacity for mobilizing an adaptive response.”

“Inoculation” or “steeling” effect

Ex: Vaccination -> helps you fight an injection after being exposed to a bit of the virus.

123
Q

What is the GxE interaction?

A

Moderating the influence of genes, behavior, and personality on differential reactivity in the context of adversity.

Some children are more susceptible or sensitive to the influence of context

  1. Differential susceptibility
  2. Sensitivity to context
124
Q

What are some developmental considerations?

A

There is coherence in the development of competence within domains.

125
Q

What is a developmental cascade?

A

Spreading effects of achievements or failures over time from 1 domain of function to other.

126
Q

What is Luthar’s POV on the role of relationships?

A

Relationships lie at the roots of resilience

127
Q

What was the Rhesus Monkeys experiment?

A

Groups of Rheus Monkeys (who either had short and long alleles) were raised in different environments

128
Q

What was the result of Rhesus Monkeys>

A

Short alleles: more vulnerable gene but w/ good environment, took in all the good

Long allele: can be raised anywhere BUT tendency to develop maladaptive behavior

“Good” gene offers protection from “bad environment”

“Good” environment can protect individuals carrying a “bad” gene from poor developmental outcomes

Hanna's Midterm (7 decks)

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