THIS IS IT! Flashcards
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Developmental Trajectories Definitiojn
the pinning of specific developmental markers to certain time frames, The child may possess “germinal powers” the child may develop into a sturdy oak, a willow that bends with every wind, a thorny cactus, or even a poisonous weed.
Themes of developmental theories
- Nature vs Nurture
- Continuity vs Discontinuity
- Stability vs Change
- Early vs Later Life experiences
Nature vs Nurture
Are developmental changes the result of innate characteristics (nature) or environmental influences (nurture)?
Continuity vs Discontinuity
Is human development a gradual and continuous process in which individuals build on previously acquired knowledge and skills or is it a discontinuous process, involving a series of discrete stages in which new knowledge and behaviors emerge abruptly?
Stability vs Change
As individuals develop, do their characteristics remain stable over time or do they change? For example, if an individual is very talkative and outgoing as a child, will this trait remain constant into adulthood?
Early vs Later Life Experiences
Do early childhood experiences have the greatest impact on development or are later life events just as important?
Freud theory of early vs later life experiences
He believed early life experiences shape your life
Developmental Trajectories
- Sensorimotor Stage
- Properational Stage
- Concrete Operational Stage
- Formal Operational Stage
Sensorimotor Stage
0 - 2 months
children develop motor skills and interact with objects
pre-operational stage
2 - 7 months
children develop language and symbolic thinking
Concrete Operational Stage
7 - 11
More flexible thinking
Formal Operational Stage
12 months +
Children can think abstractly
Mirror Mark Test
children discovering themselves in the mirror – can they recognize themselves?
Key ingredients for a successful attachment
Warmth and Responsiveness
Warmth examples
affection, touch, nurturing gestures
Responsiveness Examples
sensitive back and forth with child, too much or too little – just right
Mary Ainsworth
Conducted the Strange Situation
Phases of Attachment
They are four phases of attachment.
First Phase of Attachment
Birth - 3 months
social gestures w/ limited selectivity
ex: social and visual smiling, babbling, crying, reflexes
Second Phase of Attachment
3 months - 6 months
focusing on familiar people
Third Phase of Attachment
6 months - 3 years
intense attachment & active proximity-seeking
ex: separation anxiety, fear of strangers
Fourth Phase of Attachment
3 years
End of Partnership behavior
The Strange Situation - what’s the experiment?
Parent and infant enter the room.
A strange enters the room. Approaches infant.
The parent leaves.
Stranger and the infant are alone together.
Parent enters, greets infant.
What does the Strange Situation test
The infant’s behavior upon the parent’s return is the basis for classifying the infant into one of four attachment categories
What are the four attachment styles?
- secure
- insecure-avoidant
- insecure-ambivanet
- disorganized
Secure Attachment Style
Most common - 60%
Associated with sensitive care, which is characterized by consistently available and responsive caregiving.
Insecure Avoidant Style
20%
Fails to cry on separation from parent.
Focuses on toys environment, avoids and ignores parent on reunion
Associated with insensitive, unresponsive, and rejecting parenting style
Insecure Ambivalent Style
10%
Associated with inconsistent parenting style
Disorganized Style
14-24%
Associated with abuse, neglect, parental mental illness
Harlow’s Monkeys
This proved that small children/ infants need their parents and need that social connection
Adult Attachment Interview
a. Parents’ patterns of narrating the “story” of their own early family life correlated with their children’s Strange Situation classification.
b. The AAI is a narrative assessment of an adult’s “state of mind with respect to attachment.”
Grice’s 4 maxims of discourse
Quality – be truthful & have evidence
Quantity – be succinct, yet complete
Relation – be relevant or perspicacious
Manner – be clear & orderly
What attachment style did Matilda have?
INSECURE AVOIDANT!
What happens during first trimester?
Corpus Luteum secretes hCG. Influx of the hormone hCG in the tenth week within the first trimester-> causes morning sickness.
As placenta develops, secrets Progesterone in higher levels to continue supporting the pregnancy. (Peaks at 8 months)
What happens second trimester?
Mom begins to feel less sick and is more energetic. Estrogen and progesterone levels continue rising
What happens third trimester?
Estrogen and progesterone will peak in months 8-9 Right before birth, estrogen and progesterone levels will drop rather quickly. This is a sign that labor will begin soon.
This quick drop in estrogen and progesterone cause mom to have mood swings.
After pregnancy has ended, hormone levels are unstable. This is part of the reason why some moms develop postpartum depression.
Teratogen
Exposure to the fetus results in functional defects, malformations, growth restriction
Examples of Teratogen environmental toxins
substances, mercury, led, pesticides
what can substances lead too during pregnancy?
neurological disorders, growth restrictions, miscarriage
examples of teratogen toxins
substances, mercury, led, pesticides, nutritional deficiency, vertically transmitted infections, zika virus
How can maternal stress impact the womb?
Create long term changes in basic biological functioning of the baby
Epigenetics
Functional changes to the genome not caused by changes in the actual DNA sequence
Breastfeeding Pros
- Short term digestion (better for digestion)
- Immune system benefits for babies (helps them with common infections and allergies)
- Long term nutritional benefits
a. Less chance of having Diabetes, heart disease - Helps mom recover from birth
a. Oxytocin stimulates uterus to contract, return to prepregnancy weight
Breastfeeding Cons
- Can’t measure how much baby is eating
- Keeping up with the baby’s feeding schedule can be difficult
- Mother’s need to be careful with what they eat/drink because some substances that go into your body are passed to the baby by the milk
How many premature births per year?
1/2 million premature births per year
Who was the earliest premature baby in the world?
James Elgin Gill - 128 days
Examples of evidence based interventions for premature infants
i. Skin to skin contact “kangaroo care”
ii. Quiet and dark climate controlled incubators
iii. Breastmilk once feeding
iv. Music therapy for older preterm neonates
v. Sucrose for help with pain management during procedures
vi. Early intervention testing and services post hospital
Percentage of mothers that undergo post-partum depression
15-20% of mothers
What do mothers experience facing postpartum depression?
i. Mood lability
ii. Irritability
iii. Difficulty sleeping
iv. Feelings of guilt, fear, hopelessness
v. Difficulty concentrating
vi. Changes in appetite
vii. Sleep loss
When does Postpartum depression occur?
usually happens in about 6 weeks after birth
How does postpartum depression effect the baby?
Moms feel inward and don’t give their kids the responsive care they need
Babies also are looking at somebody’s face who isn’t moving a lot, and so babies aren’t getting that sensitive back and forth that babies really learn a lot from in the early months, which can even lead to affecting their attachment and emotion recognition
Infancy Reflexes
- Rooting - helps the baby to feed (helps baby mouth on things, like a nipple)
- Stepping- babies do the pattern of walking, but can’t walk because of their muscles
- Grasping
- Swimming- babies have the instinct of holding their breath in water, but lose it after ⅔ months
- Startle
- Eyeblink
- Sucking
- Gagging
What is the growth during a baby’s first 3 years?
Babies brains triple in weight during first two years of life; babies weight tripled by first birthday AND social, emotional, cognitive, and motor systems make huge advances in first year
How does taste begin during a baby’s first 3 years?
Taste preferences begin in the womb with the mother’s diet and can continue to expose to different tastes via breast milk; puree and soft foods introduced at 6-9 months
When does language acquisition occur?
first words (10-14 months) but receptive language development is earlier
What are the learning processes?
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- Habiutation
- Imitation and Social learning
What is classical conditioning?
pairing neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus to produce response to now “conditioned” stimulus
ex. mom picking up + food = baby stops crying when picked up in anticipation of food
What is operant conditioning?
positive and negative shape responses in the future
ex: Baby smiling when parents give attention
What is Habituation
decreased response or attention to stimulus with repeated presentations
Ex: like a baby turning away after the same toy is presented several times
What is Imitation and Social Learning
Soon after birth babies can imitate simple faces, and are socially interested in the actions of others.
They can learn through modeling, and imitation of valued others
How does cultural influence play a role in this?
Cultural influences affect the development of motor skills, temperament, language acquisition, object permanence, and more Affect the timeline of acquisition/milestones
Better gross motor when more open spaces and stimulation to move and explore
Temperaments that occur in infants
Easy (40%)
Difficult (10%)
Slow to Warm (15%)
Mixed (35%)
When is toddlerhood?
Ages 1-3
Major milestones during toddlerhood?
first steps
increased physical activity
sort objects by shape and color
imitation of complex actions
express range of emotions
What is a major motivation for toddlers?
independence and control
Tasks for toddlers
Potty Training (Independent Toileting)
First school/class entry (Separation from Caregiver)
Move to Cooperative Play
Language Explosion (2yrs to 3 yrs)
Empathy, shame, and more complex feelings
Where does self control occur?
- Language
- Cognitive Maturation
- Real and Imagined Consequences by Caretakers
What does a enriched environment look like?
i. Know motor, cognitive, and social/emotional milestones
ii. Read to your kids (helps w vocabulary and etc !)
iii. Take care of yourself to maintain a warm and responsive interaction style and to maintain your parenting skills
iv. Provide sensory information and talk to your kids about what they are seeing/smelling/touching/tasting/hearing
What does a deprived environment look like?
i. No books or sources for learning
ii. Little to no interaction with parents
iii. No praise for tasks completed correctly
iv. Limited food and clothing
v. Usually found in poverty stricken homes
Major Milestones - Physical / Motor
Walking
Climbing
Dressing
Riding tricycles
Drawing
Major Milestones - Cognitive
Cause-effect
Categorization
Multistep Directions
Self Directed Play and Learning
Major Milestones - Language
First words
2 word phrases
vocabulary explosion
Major Milestones - Social and Emotional
Seperation from caregiver
social conenctions to peers
sharing
Self control
Emotion Regulation
What is the Marshmallow test?
The experiment measures a child’s sense of self control (some are able toresist temptation, while others go for immediate gratification).
What does the Marshmallow test do?
Self control can vary despite the children being of the same age.
Certain factors can influence this such as a child coming from a poor family in which sweets may be rare hence why they choose immediate gratification.
What are the outcomes for Physical Punishment
more aggression, lower moral development, reduced self esteem, mental health problems, associated with abuse
BUT immediate compliance
What does long-term spanking lead too
A boomerang effect.
The behavior will come back.
What are the types of play?
Physical
Symbolic
Concrete
Rule governed games
What is physical play
Birth - 2 years
Sense and motor skills used
Relationship between body and environment
What is symbolic play?
Age 2-7
Symbols of language + mental imagery
Using an object to represent something else
What is concrete play?
age 7-11
Logical/flexible thinking
Games that are logical and easily understandable
What is rule governed games?
Age 12 - Adulthood
Hypothetical thinking and abstract reasoning
What are the functions of play?
to imitate adults
To play out real roles in an intense way
To reflect relationships & experiences
To express pressing needs
To release unacceptable impulses
To reverse roles usually taken
To mirror growth
To work out problems & experiment with solutions (Hartly, Frank, and Goldenson)
Types of play
unoccupied
solitary
onlooker
parallel
associative
cooperative
Imaginary friends
1/3 kids, usually in preschool
Normal till 9 years old
What is human development?
The way people grow and change across a lifespan
What is embryology?
The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
What is neurobiology?
The study of cells of the nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediates behavior
What is culture?
The dynamic pattern & processes which comprise a group’s values, beliefs, practices, art and technology
Gene
A portion of DNA located at a particular site (locus) on a chromosome that codes for the production of certain kinds of proteins
Allele
An alternate form of a gene
Typically, there are 2 alleles, one inherited from the individual’s mother & one from the father
Phenotype
The visible expression of the person’s particular physical & behavioral characteristics
Created by the interaction of a person’s genetic makeup with the environment
Genotype
The particular set of genes a person inherits from his or her parents
Herability
what % of variation seen in individuals can be accounted for by genetic factors
i. 60-90% for Schizophrenia, Autism, ADHD, Bipolar Ds
ii. 20-50% for Depression & Generalized Anxiety
iii. 20% for Adverse Life Experiences
Range of Reaction
The notion that the human being’s genetic makeup establishes a range of possible developmental outcomes, within which environmental forces largely determine how the person actually develops
Epigentics
study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence (Imprinting)
Common misconceptions about genes and gene-environment interactions
a. Genes limit potential
b. Strong genetic effects mean that environmental effects are not important
c. Nature and Nurture are separate
d. Genetic influences diminish with age
e. Genes regulate only static characteristics
What are dominant traits?
1.Curly hair
2. Dark hair
3. Facial dimples
4. Normal hearing
5. Normal vision
6. Freckles
7. Unattached earlobe
8. Can roll tongue in U-Shape
What are recessive traits?
- Straight hair
- Blonde hair
- No dimples
- Deafness (some forms)
- Nearsighted vision
- No freckles
- Attached earlobe
- Cannot roll tongue
what does co-dominance lead too
blood type
what does sex-linked lead too
- hemophilia
- color blindness
what does imprinting lead too
polygenic
What is Mendelian inheritance?
single-gene inheritance
a particular genotype at one location is both necessary & sufficient for the character to be expressed.
usually reflect disorders that are closely related to primary gene action (PKU, Sickle Cell, Amenia)
What is Multifactorial Inheritance?
traits or disorders which depend on the expression of many genes and varying degrees of environmental influence
heart disease, breast cancer, intelligence, temperament, depression & anxiety
What is a Passive Gene-Environment interaction?
environment created by parents w/ particular genetic predispositions encourages the expression of similar tendencies in their children
What is a Active Gene-Environment interaction?
people’s genes encourage them to seek out experiences compatible with their inherited tendencies.
What is a Evocative Gene-Environment interaction?
individual’s inherited tendencies to evoke certain environmental responses
What is a shared environment?
A set of conditions or experiences shared by children raised in the same family
ex: Trauma exposure, nutrition, affection, school
What is a nonshared environment
A set of conditions or activities experienced by one child in a family but not shared with another child in the family
Friend group, attention, bullying, gender, age
Gene x Environment Interactions examples
Bladder cancer and smoking
Malnutrition and growth
Skin cancer and sunlight
What is Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory?
a model that explains how a person’s development is shaped by their interactions with their environment and the people in it.
What is the ecobiodevelopment framework?
comprised of the convergence of biology, health and development, and physical and social ecology.
What is resilience?
Process of patterns of positive adaption and development in the context of significant risk or adversity.
What is risk?
A condition that carries high odds for measured maladjustment in critical domains.
ex: poverty and community violence.
What is positive adaption?
Meeting stage-salient developmental tasks
Positive internal function
- psychological well-being
- physical health
Positive external function
- school or work performance
- relationships
What is competence?
Effective functioning in the world in reference to expectations based on norms of behavior in a given context, culture, and time in history.
What is human adaptive systems?
Resilience as powered by basic human adaptive systems shaped through biological & cultural evolution.
Protective systems which include individual capabilities, social supports & relationships, and community resources
What are examples protective systems?
- Attachment Relationships
- Agency & Mastery Motivation
- Intelligence
- Self-regulation
- meaning making
What are the explanatory models?
Compensatory or “main effect”
Protective or “moderating effect”
Challenge
Gene-environment interaction
What is the protective / modeling effect?
Factor or process that has effects that vary depending on the level of the task.
Risk dependent: The greater/higher the risk, the greater/stronger the effect
Buffering or ameliorating influence
Ex: Good parenting, airbags, antibodies (protects you if you are exposed again).
What is compensatory / main effect?
Factors that neutralize or counterbalance exposure to risk or stress.
Can have direct, independent, and positive effects on outcome
Act regardless of risk level iii. Assets, resources, and promotive factors
Ex: Good parenting, high socioeconomic status, solid cognitive abilities
What is the challenge model?
Manageable doses of exposure to adversity prepare an organism for adversity by strengthening capacity for mobilizing an adaptive response.”
“Inoculation” or “steeling” effect
Ex: Vaccination -> helps you fight an injection after being exposed to a bit of the virus.
What is the GxE interaction?
Moderating the influence of genes, behavior, and personality on differential reactivity in the context of adversity.
Some children are more susceptible or sensitive to the influence of context
- Differential susceptibility
- Sensitivity to context
What are some developmental considerations?
There is coherence in the development of competence within domains.
What is a developmental cascade?
Spreading effects of achievements or failures over time from 1 domain of function to other.
What is Luthar’s POV on the role of relationships?
Relationships lie at the roots of resilience
What was the Rhesus Monkeys experiment?
Groups of Rheus Monkeys (who either had short and long alleles) were raised in different environments
What was the result of Rhesus Monkeys>
Short alleles: more vulnerable gene but w/ good environment, took in all the good
Long allele: can be raised anywhere BUT tendency to develop maladaptive behavior
“Good” gene offers protection from “bad environment”
“Good” environment can protect individuals carrying a “bad” gene from poor developmental outcomes
