risk & resilience Flashcards
community phases of disasters
pre-disaster, impact, heroic, honeymoon, disillusionment, reconstruction
3 Stress Responses
positive: brief increases in heart rate, mild elevations in stress hormone levels.
tolerable: serious, temporary stress responses, buffered by supportive relationships
toxic: prolonged activation of stress response systems in the absence of protective relationships
risk
a condition that carries high odds for measured maladjustment in critical domains.
ACES
Adverse Childhood Experiences
What are ACES?
ACES is the term given to describe all types of abuse, neglect, and other traumatic experiences that occur to individuals under age the of 18.
The landmark Kaiser ACE Study examined the relationships between these experiences during childhood and reduced health and well-being lter in life.
Types of ACES
Abuse
Household Challenges
Neglect
ACES - early adversity lasting impacts
injury
mental health
maternal health
infectious disease
chronic disease
risky behaviors
opportunities
ACES Are….
CUMULATIVE!
What is resiliency?
Processes or patterns of positive adaptation & development in the contest of significant risk or adversity
Process of harnessing the resources we need to sustain well-being in the face of adversity
More on resiliency…
learning how to cope with adversity is an important part of healthy child development
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory
Looks at cognitive/overall development in the larger context, influenced by Vygotsky, emphasizes the environment’s role in development.
-a person’s development was influenced by everything in the surrounding environment and social interactions within it.
Core themes of development
- early experiences affect the development of brain architecture, which provides the foundation for all future learning, behavior and health across the lifestyle
- the ecobiodevelopmental framework is comprised of the convergence of biology, health and development, and physical and social ecology.
- learning how to cope with adversity (resiliency) is an important part of healthy child development
types of protective systems
- attachment relationships
- agency & master motivation system
- intelligence
- self-regulation
- meaning making
- cultural traditions & religion/spirituality
explanatory models
- compensatory or “main effect”
- protective or “moderating effect”
- challenge
- gene-environment interaction
compensatory or “main effect”
- factors that neutralize or counterbalance exposure to risk or stress.
- direct, independent, and positive effects on outcome.
- act regardless of risk level.
- assets, resources, & promotive factors.
protective or “moderating effect”
- factor or process has effects that vary depending on the level of risk.
- the higher the risk, the stronger the effects
- “buffering” or “ameliorating” influence.
challenge model
- manageable doses of exposure to adversity prepare an organism for adversity by strengthening capacity for mobilizing an adaptive response.
- inoculation or steeling effect.
- ex: vaccination
gene - environment interaction model
moderating influence of genes, behavior & personality on differential reactivity in the context of adversity.
- some children are more susceptible or sensitive to the influence of context.
developmental considerations
- there is coherence in the development of competence within domains
- developmental cascades
- severity, chronicity, & timing of exposures.
resilience pathways
- resistance
- recovery
- normalization
- transformation
resistance
steady & positive adaptive behavior in the presence of significant threats
Emotional Development: Role
a. Direct our attention
b. Organize behavior
c. Enhance memory
d. Drive social approach & avoidance
e. Perform regulatory functions
f. Linked to mental & physical health
Emotional Development: Range
a. Normal Emotions:
i. Sadness
ii. Anger
iii. Pleasure
iv. Fear
v. Worry
b. Extreme Emotions:
i. Depression
ii. Aggression
iii. Addiction
iv. Anxiety, Phobia, Panic
v. Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Primary vs. Secondary Emotions
a. Primary Emotions:
i. Emerge early in life and do not require introspection or self-reflection
ii. Ex. Fear, happiness, disgust, surprise, anger & sadness
b. Secondary Emotions:
i. Emerge later in life
ii. Rely on the development of self-awareness
iii. Social & interpersonal basis
iv. Ex. Pride, shame, guilt and jealousy
Learning and functionalist perspectives on emotional development
a. Learning: Emotional expression varies with the nature of the environment in which children are raised
b. Functionalist: Emotions help us achieve our goals, adapt to our environment, and maintain social relationships.
How much DNA do humans share with rhesus monkeys?
The rhesus genome shares about 93 percent of its sequence with both the human and the chimpanzee genome
erotonin transporter gene variations and rearing environments in Rhesus monkeys
can significantly impact their behavior, particularly when interacting with different rearing environments
