gene & environment

Question 1

human development

Answer 1

the way people grow and change across the lifespan

Question 2

embryology

Answer 2

the study of animal development between the fertilization of the egg and the time when the animal is born

Question 3

neurobiology

Answer 3

the study of cells of the nervous system and the organization of these cells into functional circuits that process information and mediate behavior

Question 4

interpersonal neurobiology

Answer 4

the study of how relationships shape the brain and the mind

Question 5

what is the mind?

Answer 5

the human soul, the intellect

Question 6

the development of a child’s brain architecture provides the foundation for all future ________, ________, and health ______

Answer 6

learning, behavior, health

Question 7

neuroplasticity

Answer 7

the brain’s ability to change in response to experiences.

Question 8

neuroplasticity in pregnancy

Answer 8

change in cognition and heavior to facilitate caregiving; shift in orientation towards dyady.

Question 9

prefrontal cortext

Answer 9

regulates bodily functions. attunement. emotional balance. pausing before action. calming fear. insight. empathy. morality. intuition

Question 10

gene

Answer 10

a portion of DNA located at a particular site ona. chromosone that codes for the production kinds of proteins

Question 11

allele

Answer 11

an alternate form of a gene. typically, there are 2 alleles, one inherited from the individual’s mother & one from the father

Question 12

genotype

Answer 12

the particular set of genes a person inherits from his or her parents.

Question 13

phenotype

Answer 13

the visible expression of the person’s particular physical & behavioral characteristics.

Question 14

types of inheritance

Answer 14

dominant - recessive. co-dominance (blood type). sex linked (hemophilia, color blindness). imprinting. polygenicq

Question 15

Mendel’s findings?

Answer 15

Each characteristic is governed by factors that can be in two forms. Every plant has a pair of factors for each characteristic – one from each parent. Each plant transmits one of its pair to a germ cell. When the two parent plants contribute a particular factor to the offspring, one form might “overwhelm” the effect of the other

Question 16

Mendelian pattern of inheritance

Answer 16

• dominant-recessive
• Example of heterozygous parents (both parents have a dominant and recessive)
• A particular genotype at one location (locus) is both necessary & sufficient for the character to be expressed
• Reflect disorders closely related to primary gene action - autosomal recessive
• EX. PKU, Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 17

Genetic Abnormalities

Answer 17

Autosomal Recessive (cystic fibrosis, PKU, Sickle Cell)

Question 18

Genetic Abnormalities

Answer 18

Chromosomal Ab0normalities (down’s syndrome)

Question 19

Genetic Abnormalities

Answer 19

Autosomal Dominant (tuberous sclerosis, huntington’s disease)

Question 20

cystic fibrosis

Answer 20

a defect in the CFTR gene causes CF - gene makes a protein that controls the movement of salt and water in and out of body’s cells. results in thick, sticky, mucus causing breathing problems & repeated lung infections and digestive problems

Question 21

down syndrome

Answer 21

distinct physical characteristics, cognitive defects (speech problems, intellectual disability), problems in physical development, lower life expectancy

Question 22

Multifactorial Inheritance

Answer 22

traits or disorders which depend on the expression of many genes and varying degrees of environmental influence. – heart disease, breast cancer, intelligence, temperament, depression & anxiety.

Question 23

how to early experiences alter gene expression & shape development?

Answer 23

Question 24

epigentics

Answer 24

the study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence. influence specific to the particular body tissues & phases of development. mediated by DNA methylation & histone acetylation.

Question 25

gxe interctions

Answer 25

Virtually all-human diseases result from the interaction of genetic susceptibility factors & modifiable environmental factors.

Variations in genetic makeup are associated with almost all diseases.

Genetic variations do not cause disease but rather influence a person’s susceptibility to environmental factors

Question 26

Range of Reaction

Answer 26

The notion that the human being’s genetic makeup establishes a range of possible developmental outcomes, within which environmental forces largely determine how the person actually develops.

Question 27

shared environment

Answer 27

a set of conditions and experiences shared by children raised in the same family.

Question 28

nonshared environment

Answer 28

a set of conditions or activities experienced by one child in a family but not shared with another child in the same family.

Question 29

how do passive gxe interactions shape the environment?

Answer 29

environment created by parents w/ particular genetic predispositions encourages the expression of similar tendencies in their children.

Question 30

how do active gxe interactions shape the environment?

Answer 30

people’s genes encourage them to seek out experiences compatible with their inherited tendencies

Question 31

how do evocative gxe interactions shape the environment?

Answer 31

individual’s inherited tendencies to evoke certain environmental responses

Question 32

dna

Answer 32

a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes (the carrier of genetic information)

Question 33

RNA

Answer 33

a nucleic acid present in all living cells, act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins (exception in some viruses)

Question 34

protein

Answer 34

large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body; they do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs (these proteins provide structure and support for cells)