Thinking and language- Chapter 10

Question 0

Concepts

Answer 0

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people- similar to a schema

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering, and communicating

Question 2

Category Hierarchies

Answer 2

we organize concepts into category Hierarchies

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

mental image, best example form category. Ex: draw a triangle. ^

Question 4

Algorithm

Answer 4

a rule that guarantees the right solution to a problem, usually using a formula, they work, but sometimes are impractical. EX: 20 Q’s

Question 5

Heuristics

Answer 5

A rule of thumb, shortcut, solves problems. prone to errors, but is quicker

Question 6

Representative Heuristic:

Answer 6

Judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototypes the person holds in their mind

Question 7

Availability Heuristic

Answer 7

Judging a situations based on examples of similar situations that initially comet o mind

Question 8

belief bias

Answer 8

the tendency for ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by making invalid conclusions

Question 9

belief perseverance

Answer 9

people will tent to accept any and all conclusions that fit in their systems of belief without challenge or any deep consideration of what they are actually agreeing with.

Question 10

insight

Answer 10

a sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem. occurs in your right temporal cortex

Question 11

confirmation bias

Answer 11

we look for evidence to confirm beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts them

Question 12

Fixation

Answer 12

inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. impediment to problem solving- mental set and functional fixes

Question 13

functional fixedness

Answer 13

the inability to see a new use for an object

Question 14

framing

Answer 14

the way a problem is presented can drastically affect the way we view it

Question 15

Language

Answer 15

our spoken, written, or gestured word. way we communicate meaning to ourselves and others

Question 16

phonemes

Answer 16

the small distinctive sound unit. Chug has three CH U G. there are 40

Question 17

Morpheme

Answer 17

the smallest unit that carries meaning. can be a word or a prefix/suffix. un, a, s, ed

Question 18

Grammar

Answer 18

a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate wiht, and understand others.

Question 19

semantics

Answer 19

how we get meaning out of words, adding -ed to make something past tense

Question 20

syntax

Answer 20

the order the words go in to make sense

Question 21

overgeneralization

Answer 21

child will generalize grammar rules so they apply the rules too broadly

Question 22

babbling stage

Answer 22

beginning @ 4 months, no imitation of adult speech

Question 23

one word stage

Answer 23

1 year

Question 24

2 word stage

Answer 24

2 years

Question 25

telegraphic speech

Answer 25

kinda like two words stage

Question 26

Brumer

Answer 26

language Acquisition support services, social situation really matters

Question 27

inborn universal grammar

Answer 27

Chomsky, the rate of language aquitision is so fast that it cannot be explained through learning principles, its inborn

Question 28

Statistical learning and critical period

Answer 28

before our 1st birthday we can hear all sounds. the statistical ananlysists are learned during critical periods of child development

Question 29

Language and age

Answer 29

New Language learning gets harder with age

Question 30

Linguistic influences on thinking

Answer 30

linguistic determinism: Whorf (1956) Suggested that language determines the way we think, not vice versa. more words for snow in Alaska than in Hawaii