Research Methods

Question 1

Dependent

Answer 1

measure. dependent on the independent variable

Question 2

what variables hold unwanted influences

Answer 2

confounding variables

Question 3

problems with experiments

Answer 3

Experimenter and sample bias

Question 4

Solutions to bias in experiments

Answer 4

Random assignment
Placebo
Single-blind study
Double-Blind Study

Question 5

Advantages of Experiments

Answer 5

Identify cause and effect relationships

distinguish between real and placebo effects

Question 6

Disadvantages of experiments

Answer 6

artificial lab conditions
confounding variables
bias
raises ethical concerns

Question 7

entire group that a researcher wants to study

Answer 7

population

Question 8

Every Person in the population as an equal chance of participating

Answer 8

random sample

Question 9

social desirability bias

Answer 9

survey respondents often report that they are healthier, happier, and less prejudice than would be expected based upon the results of other types of research

Question 10

Naturalistic observation

Answer 10

observe behavior in a real social setting. descriptive but do not explain behavior

Question 11

Case studies

Answer 11

in-depth. Single research participant. cannot be used to establish cause and effect. susceptible to inaccurate reporting and the subjects biased views

Question 12

longitudinal method

Answer 12

single person or group of individuals over an extended period of time. provide in depth info but can be expensive and time consuming

Question 13

Cross-sectional method

Answer 13

individuals of various ages at one point in time. Info about age differences

Question 14

correlation coefficient

Answer 14

indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

Question 15

range

Answer 15

the highest score in a distribution minus the lowest score

Question 16

standard deviation

Answer 16

a standard measurement of how much the scores in a distribution deviate from the mean

Question 17

Inferential statistics are used to determine how likely it is that a

Answer 17

study’s outcome is due to chance and whether the outcome can be legitimately generalized to the larger population from which the sample was selected

Question 18

p-value

Answer 18

probability of concluding that a difference exists when in fact the difference does not exist. the smaller the p value the more significant th results. can never equal zero

Question 19

Human research studies must include

Answer 19

informed consent 
voluntary participation 
Deception 
confidentiality 
Alternative activities

Question 20

Animal research must have

Answer 20

clear scientific purpose
humane living conditions
legally get the animals
lest amount of suffering

Question 21

Independent variable

Answer 21

Manipulated or controlled by the experimenter