Learing-Chapter 8

Question 0

Associatative learning

Answer 0

our minds connect events that occur together in time and space

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

Based on forming associations and links between events

Question 2

man who is responsible for classical conditioning

Answer 2

Ivan Pavlov (Dog and saliva experiment)

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

creates stimulus before its been conditioned to

Question 4

Acuisition

Answer 4

association of a bad experience to an object/thing/person and hold some response to it

Question 5

Extinction

Answer 5

the process of unlearning or removing a conditioned association

Question 6

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 6

the re-emergence of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a delay

Question 7

Generalization

Answer 7

create a schema of their feelings. fear of dr. see a scientist in a lab coat, scared because he looks like a dr

Question 8

Discrimination

Answer 8

The child will learn to recognize the difference between the stimuli and will show the fear response only in the presence of a dr.

Question 9

Biological predispositions

Answer 9

when a human or subject possesses some internal quality that gives them an increased likelihood of having a condition

Question 10

Man in charge of the little Albert experiment

Answer 10

John Watson

Question 11

Operant conditioning

Answer 11

rewards and punishments, learning is not passive, learning is based on consequences

Question 12

thorndike

Answer 12

law of effect: principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely (Trail and error) - locking cats in boxes

Question 13

Man responsible for opperant conditioning

Answer 13

B.F. Skinner

Question 14

Shaping

Answer 14

successive approximations of a target behavior are reinforced

Question 15

chaining

Answer 15

linking each action to each other, in a particular order

Question 16

Reinforcer

Answer 16

reinforcement, possitive or negative, the substance used

Question 17

Positive reinforcement

Answer 17

adding something to reinforce the behavior, treat

Question 18

Negative reinforcement

Answer 18

stimulus is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited

Question 19

primary reinforcement

Answer 19

the stimulus

Question 20

conditioned (secondary) reinforcement

Answer 20

stimulus or situation that has acquired its function as a reinforcer after pairing w/ a stimulus that functions as a reinforcer

Question 21

Token economy

Answer 21

a system of behavior modification based on the systematic reinforcement of target behavior

Question 22

Continuous reinforcement

Answer 22

desired behavior is reinforced every single time is occurs

Question 23

Partial (Intermittent) reinforcement

Answer 23

randomly rewarding for making a response

Question 24

fixed ratio schedules

Answer 24

Reward delivered after a constant of “Fixed” # of correct responses

Question 25

Variable-ration schedules

Answer 25

schedule of reinforcement wherein a reinforcer is provided following a pre-determined average # of responses

Question 26

Fixed- interval schedules

Answer 26

a reinforcer could be delivered after an interval of time passed following a target behavior

Question 27

Variable-interval schedules

Answer 27

repeated motivation for the behavior to be repeated

Question 28

punishment

Answer 28

decreases a unwanted behavior

Question 29

Positive punishment

Answer 29

addition of something unpleasant (More chores)

Question 30

Negative Punishment

Answer 30

Removal of something pleasant (Taking car keys away)

Question 31

Problems with punishment

Answer 31

1. punishment can result in unwanted fears
2. justifies pain to others
3. unwanted behaviors reappear in its absence
4. aggression towards the agent

Question 32

congnition and operant conditioning

Answer 32

we can know how to do things in our head, just because we’ve never done something B4 we still know how to do it

Question 33

Latent learning

Answer 33

become apparent when incentive is given

Question 34

Over-justification effect

Answer 34

If your reward for everything you begin to do is only for the reward

Question 35

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 35

the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake

Question 36

extrinsic motivation

Answer 36

the desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment

Question 37

Daddy of learning by observation

Answer 37

Albert Bandura

Question 38

Observational learning

Answer 38

learning by observing and imitating others

Question 39

Vicarious learning

Answer 39

by observation watching what happens to someone else. depending on if a person is rewarded or punished, you either do or do not do something

Question 40

Symbolization

Answer 40

the ability to abstract from observations. the ability to apply learning to a new situation

Question 41

Pure modeling

Answer 41

Monkey see, monkey do.

1. attention
2. retention: you must be able to retain and remember
3. reproduction- translate into an actual behavior
4. motivation

Question 42

Mirror neurons

Answer 42

activate during observational learning

Question 43

who did the bobo doll study?

Answer 43

Bandura

Question 44

Who did the social learning theory?

Answer 44

Bandura

Question 45

Applications of observational learning

Answer 45

way we learn through many stages of life

Question 46

Who do we model?

Answer 46

• Warm and nurturing
• competent
• similar to you in age, sex, and interests
• High social status and power