Thinking and language Flashcards
Imagery theory
we think of words and store them as images
Deductive reasoning
reasoning from general to specific
Inductive reasoning
reasoning from specific to general
Deductive fallacy
when deductive reasoning is false
Prospect theory
we make decisions based on gains and losses rather than final assets
Satisficing
people don’t make the best decisions, they make decisions that are good enough
Problem solving
mismatch between present state and goal
Problem isopmorphs
two problems with the same structure but different content
Knowledge
the convergence of perception, memory and language
5 properties of language
arbitrary, generative, structured, dynamic and displacement
Arbitrary
relationship between surface form and referent is not obvious from its sound or gesture
Structured
units must be arranged in a specific way to convey meaning
Generative
infinite number of possible utterances- say sentences that have never been said before
Dynamic
language is constantly changing
Displacement
language can refer to things and events removed in time or space
Units of language
Phonemes and morphemes
Phonemes
individual speech sounds, different sets for different languages
Morphemes
An abstract concept, not a syllable or word
competence
knowing how to interact is a part of communicative competence
Closings
Some people refuse to accept closing, won’t end the convo
Variables effecting convo
Speaking characteristics, genre, register, setting or context
Convo styles
High involvement
Language acquisition
relatively rapid- occurs by age 6
Overextensions
children overextend words based on form
Under-extensions
word is applied in very limited contexts
Holophrases
use of word to convey more than one function
Comprehension proceeds production
children can comprehend words before they can produce them
Critical period hypothesis
a critical age by which acquisition is easier and enhanced
Codeswitching
within the multilingual brain, all languages are activated at all times but some receive more or less activation
Emblematic code switching
some code switching signals shared ethnicity or membership
Situational code switching
switching is triggered by a change in situation
Referential code switching
switching occurs because different topics may require different languages
Affective code switching
occurs because of rhetorical questions
Receiver language
language borrowing material
Donor language
language providing the material
