THINKING Flashcards
Additive strategy
The process of listing the attributes of each element of a decision, weighing them according to importance, adding them up, and determining which one is more appealing based on the result.
Algorithm
A step-by-step procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem.
Attitudes
Evaluations people make about objects, ideas, events, or other people.
Attributions
Inferences people make about the causes of events and behavior.
Automatic thoughts
Self-defeating judgments people make about themselves.
Availability heuristic
A rule-of-thumb strategy in which people estimate probability based on how quickly they remember relevant instances of an event.
Centration
The tendency to focus on one aspect of a problem and ignore other key aspects.
Cognition
Thinking. It involves mental activities such as understanding, problem solving, decision making, and creativity.
Cognitive development
The development of thinking capacity.
Cognitive schema
A mental model of some aspect of the world.
Concept
A mental category that groups similar objects, events, qualities, or actions.
Confabulation
A phenomenon in which a person thinks he or she remembers something that did not really happen.
Convergent thinking
A style of thinking in which a person narrows down a list of possibilities to arrive at a single right answer.
Creativity
The ability to generate novel, useful ideas.
Decentration
The ability to focus simultaneously on several aspects of a problem.
Decision-making
The process of weighing alternatives and choosing among them.
Deductive reasoning
g - The process by which a particular conclusion is drawn from a set of general premises or statements.
Dialectical reasoning
A process of going back and forth between opposing points of view in order to come up with a satisfactory solution to a problem.
Divergent thinking
A style of thinking in which people’s thoughts go off in different directions as they try to generate many different solutions to a problem.
External attribution
An inference that a person’s behavior is due to situational factors. It is also called situational attribution.
External locus of control
The tendency to believe that circumstances are not within one’s control but rather are due to luck, fate, or other people.
Feigned scarcity
Implying that a product is in scarce supply, even when it is not, in order to increase demand for it.
Fixation
inability to progress normally from one psychosexual stage of development into another.
Foot-in-the-door phenomenon
The tendency to agree to a difficult request if one has first agreed to an easy request.
Functional fixedness
The tendency to think only of an object’s most common use in solving a problem.
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency to attribute other people’s behavior to internal factors such as personality traits, abilities, and feelings. It is also called correspondence bias.