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High School Psychology 2012-2013 > THINKING > Flashcards

THINKING Flashcards

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1
Q

Additive strategy

A

The process of listing the attributes of each element of a decision, weighing them according to importance, adding them up, and determining which one is more appealing based on the result.

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2
Q

Algorithm

A

A step-by-step procedure that is guaranteed to solve a problem.

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3
Q

Attitudes

A

Evaluations people make about objects, ideas, events, or other people.

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4
Q

Attributions

A

Inferences people make about the causes of events and behavior.

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5
Q

Automatic thoughts

A

Self-defeating judgments people make about themselves.

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6
Q

Availability heuristic

A

A rule-of-thumb strategy in which people estimate probability based on how quickly they remember relevant instances of an event.

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7
Q

Centration

A

The tendency to focus on one aspect of a problem and ignore other key aspects.

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8
Q

Cognition

A

Thinking. It involves mental activities such as understanding, problem solving, decision making, and creativity.

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9
Q

Cognitive development

A

The development of thinking capacity.

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10
Q

Cognitive schema

A

A mental model of some aspect of the world.

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11
Q

Concept

A

A mental category that groups similar objects, events, qualities, or actions.

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12
Q

Confabulation

A

A phenomenon in which a person thinks he or she remembers something that did not really happen.

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13
Q

Convergent thinking

A

A style of thinking in which a person narrows down a list of possibilities to arrive at a single right answer.

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14
Q

Creativity

A

The ability to generate novel, useful ideas.

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15
Q

Decentration

A

The ability to focus simultaneously on several aspects of a problem.

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16
Q

Decision-making

A

The process of weighing alternatives and choosing among them.

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17
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

g - The process by which a particular conclusion is drawn from a set of general premises or statements.

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18
Q

Dialectical reasoning

A

A process of going back and forth between opposing points of view in order to come up with a satisfactory solution to a problem.

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19
Q

Divergent thinking

A

A style of thinking in which people’s thoughts go off in different directions as they try to generate many different solutions to a problem.

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20
Q

External attribution

A

An inference that a person’s behavior is due to situational factors. It is also called situational attribution.

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21
Q

External locus of control

A

The tendency to believe that circumstances are not within one’s control but rather are due to luck, fate, or other people.

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22
Q

Feigned scarcity

A

Implying that a product is in scarce supply, even when it is not, in order to increase demand for it.

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23
Q

Fixation

A

inability to progress normally from one psychosexual stage of development into another.

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24
Q

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

A

The tendency to agree to a difficult request if one has first agreed to an easy request.

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25
Q

Functional fixedness

A

The tendency to think only of an object’s most common use in solving a problem.

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26
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency to attribute other people’s behavior to internal factors such as personality traits, abilities, and feelings. It is also called correspondence bias.

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27
Q

Gambler’s fallacy

A

The false belief that a chance event is more likely if it hasn’t happened recently.

28
Q

Groupthink

A

The tendency of a close-knit group to emphasize consensus at the expense of critical thinking and rational decision making.

29
Q

Group polarization

A

The tendency for a dominant point of view in a group to be strengthened to a more extreme position after a group discussion.

30
Q

Heuristic

A

A general rule of thumb that may lead to, but doesn’t guarantee, a correct solution to a problem.

31
Q

Hierarchical classification

A

The ability to classify according to more than one level.

32
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency to interpret the past in a way that fits the present.

33
Q

Implicit attitudes

A

Beliefs that are unconscious but that can still influence decisions and behavior.

34
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

The drawing of a general conclusion from certain premises or statements.

35
Q

Internal attribution

A

An inference that an event or a person’s behavior is due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, or feelings. It is also called dispositional attribution.

36
Q

Irreversibility

A

The inability to mentally reverse an operation.

37
Q

Just world hypothesis

A

The tendency to believe that the world is fair and that people get what they deserve.

38
Q

Locus of control

A

People’s perception of whether or not they have control over circumstances in their lives.

39
Q

Lowball technique

A

The act of making an attractive proposition and revealing its downsides only after a person has agreed to it.

40
Q

Mental set

A

A tendency to use only solutions that have worked in the past.

41
Q

Moral reasoning

A

The reasons and processes that cause people to think the way they do about right and wrong.

42
Q

Overconfidence effect

A

The tendency for people to be too certain that their beliefs, decisions, estimates, and accuracy of recall are correct.

43
Q

Preconscious

A

The part of the mind that contains information that is outside of a person’s attention, which is not currently being attended to, but which is readily accessible if needed.

44
Q

Prejudice

A

A negative belief or feeling about a particular group of individuals.

45
Q

Primary process thinking

A

Thinking that is irrational, illogical, and motivated by a desire of immediate gratification of impulses.

46
Q

Problem solving

A

The active effort people make to achieve a goal that cannot be easily attained.

47
Q

Prototype

A

A typical example of a concept.

48
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Representativeness heuristic - A rule-of-thumb strategy that estimates the probability of an event based on how typical that event is.

49
Q

Reversibility

A

The ability to reverse actions mentally.

50
Q

Risky shift

A

The tendency for a dominant, risky point of view in a group to be strengthened to an even riskier position after a group discussion.

51
Q

Schema

A

A mental model of an object or event that includes knowledge about it as well as beliefs and expectations.

52
Q

Secondary process thinking

A

Thinking that is logical and rational.

53
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Confidence in one’s ability to meet challenges effectively.

54
Q

Self-serving bias

A

The tendency to attribute successes to internal factors and failures to situational factors.

55
Q

Social schemas

A

Mental models that represent and categorize social events and people.

56
Q

Symbolic thought

A

The ability to represent objects in terms of mental symbols.

57
Q

Transformation

A

Making a series of changes to achieve a specific goal.

58
Q

Trial and error

A

Trying out different solutions until one works.

59
Q

Intelligence

A

The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge. It includes the ability to benefit from past experience, act purposefully, solve problems, and adapt to new situations.

60
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to look for and accept evidence that supports what one wants to believe and to ignore or reject evidence that refutes those beliefs.

61
Q

Elimination by aspects

A

The process of eliminating alternatives in a decision based on whether they do or do not possess aspects or attributes the decision maker has deemed necessary or desirable.

62
Q

Expected value

A

The process of adding the value of a win times the probability of a win to the value of a loss times the probability of a loss in order to make a decision.

63
Q

Optimism

A

The tendency to expect positive outcomes.

64
Q

Stereotypes

A

Beliefs about people based on their membership in a particular group.

65
Q

Subjective utility

A

The process of making a decision by estimating the personal value of a decision’s outcome.

High School Psychology 2012-2013 (20 decks)

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