CONSCIOUSNESS

Question 1

Activation-synthesis theory

Answer 1

A theory proposing that neurons in the brain activate randomly during REM sleep.

Question 2

Biological rhythms

Answer 2

Periodic physiological changes.

Question 3

Catharsis

Answer 3

The release of tension that results when repressed thoughts or memories move into a patient’s conscious mind.

Question 4

Circadian rhythms

Answer 4

Biological cycles that occur about every twenty-four hours.

Question 5

Conscious

Answer 5

The part of the mind that contains all the information that a person is paying attention to at a particular time.

Question 6

Consciousness

Answer 6

The awareness people have of themselves and the environment around them.

Question 7

Endogenous biological rhythms

Answer 7

Biological cycles that originate from inside the body rather than depend on cues from the environment.

Question 8

Hypnosis

Answer 8

A procedure in which suggestions are made to a person.

Question 9

Id

Answer 9

The component of the personality that contains instinctual energy.

Question 10

Ego

Answer 10

The component of the personality that manages the conflict among the id, the superego, and the constraints of the real world.

Question 11

Infradian rhythms

Answer 11

Biological cycles that take longer than twenty-four hours.

Question 12

Insomnia

Answer 12

A chronic problem with falling or staying asleep.

Question 13

Interpretation

Answer 13

A psychoanalytic technique that involves suggesting the hidden meanings of free associations, dreams, feelings, memories, and behavior to the client.

Question 14

Latent content

Answer 14

The hidden meaning of a dream, the truth that is disguised in the form of the dream you experienced. The true desire of the id.

Question 15

Lucid dreams

Answer 15

Dreams in which people are aware that they are dreaming.

Question 16

Manifest content

Answer 16

The plot of a dream, what you actually dreamed about, the dream story.

Question 17

Meditation

Answer 17

The practice of focusing attention.

Question 18

Narcolepsy

Answer 18

A tendency to fall asleep periodically during the day.

Question 19

Narcotics

Answer 19

Drugs that can relieve pain; also called opiates.

Question 20

Nocturnal emissions

Answer 20

Signal of the onset of puberty for boys; also called wet dreams.

Question 21

Personal unconscious

Answer 21

An individual’s unconscious, unique to him or her.

Question 22

Oedipus complex

Answer 22

In psychoanalytic theory, a male child’s sexual desire for his mother and his hostility toward his father, whom he considers to be a rival for his mother’s love.

Question 23

Physical dependence

Answer 23

Addiction based on a need to avoid withdrawal symptoms.

Question 24

Pleasure principle

Answer 24

The drive to achieve pleasure and avoid pain. It is the operating principle of the id.

Question 25

Posthypnotic amnesia

Answer 25

The phenomenon that occurs when a person who has been hypnotized and instructed to forget what happened during hypnosis accordingly claims not to remember what happened.

Question 26

Preconscious

Answer 26

The part of the mind that contains information that is outside of a person’s attention, which is not currently being attended to, but which is readily accessible if needed.

Question 27

Psychological dependence

Answer 27

Addiction based on cravings for a drug.

Question 28

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Answer 28

A stage of deep sleep in which brain wave activity is similar to that in the waking state. It is also called paradoxical sleep.

Question 29

REM rebound effect

Answer 29

The tendency to spend more time in the REM stage of sleep after a period of REM sleep deprivation.

Question 30

Sedatives

Answer 30

Drugs that slow down the nervous system.

Question 31

Sleep apnea

Answer 31

A condition in which a person stops breathing many times during a night’s sleep.

Question 32

Sleep spindles

Answer 32

Short bursts of brain waves that occur during stage 2 sleep.

Question 33

Social clocks

Answer 33

Social and cultural norms that indicate the typical ages at which people experience particular life events, behaviors, and issues.

Question 34

Stage

Answer 34

A period in development when people show typical behavior patterns and capacities.

Question 35

States

Answer 35

Temporary behaviors or feelings.

Question 36

Stimulants

Answer 36

Drugs that stimulate the central nervous system.

Question 37

Superego

Answer 37

The moral component of the personality.

Question 38

Unconscious

Answer 38

The part of the mind that contains thoughts, feelings, desires, and memories of which people have no awareness but that can influence people’s behavior.

Question 39

Withdrawal symptoms

Answer 39

Symptoms such as sweating, nausea, or shakiness that occurs when drug usage ceases.