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Intro to Psych > Thinking > Flashcards

Thinking Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognition

A

Regard to mental activities (broad)
- learning
- memory
- language
- problem-solving

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2
Q

Metacognition

A

Thinking about your thinking

(keeping track of what we are doing/thinking)
(massive frontal lobes to be able to do this)

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3
Q

Concept

A

Way we mentally group objects (ex. candy bars)

  • brain likes structure and simplicity (grouped based on similar characteristics) ~ prototype
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4
Q

Prototype

A

Ex. Name a candy bar… first one that comes to mind is your prototype

Candy bar=concept
KitKat=prototype

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5
Q

Problem-solving

A

Based on how we think about certain groups and prototypes
- problem-solving=developed frontal lobe

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6
Q

4 approaches to problem-solving

A

1.) Trial and error
2.) Insight
3.) Algorithm
4.) Heuristic

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7
Q

Trial and error

A

Success rate for this is low

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8
Q

Insight

A

“Ah ha” moment
- success rate for this is low
- when this happens, frontal lobe bursts/fires with activity; right temporal lobe fires too (distinct… right is where you VISUALIZE memory)

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9
Q

Algorithm

A

Ex. social media giving ads for what it knows you like
- process that is logical and methodical (trying to sit down and figure this out step by step)
- success rate is HIGH but super SLOW
- so humans don’t like algorithms even if success rate is high

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10
Q

Heuristic

A

Simple strategy to solve a problem (often been used already
Ex. going back to the well (worked before)
QUICK, fast solution
- WAY more error-prone than an algorithm
~ SHORTCUT to make quick decisions

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11
Q

2 types of Heuristics

A

1.) Availability
2.) Representativeness

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12
Q

Availability Heuristic

A

What is available in brain at that given moment, but subject to many things
- highly influenced by the media (what receives more attention/news in media) (easier to grab this information)

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13
Q

Representativeness Heuristic

A

We like to compare interactions, people, events, and other things to our prototypes

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14
Q

Which heuristic provides the basis for stereotyping?

A

Representativeness
- snap judgments based on what we already know… comparing

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15
Q

Problem with overconfidence

A

When we get overconfident in information, it leads to being inflexible and not open to learning more knowledge about a given topic
- But there is also more to learn and know

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16
Q

Divergent thinking

A

diverge=to veer off path in different directions
- aspect of creative thinking that expands the number of possible solutions/things/items

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17
Q

Convergent thinking

A

Converging to a singular point; only one answer
- thinking where you are converging to a singular option

ex. most exams test this kind of thinking if multiple choice

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18
Q

Language takes place where?

A

Temporal lobe

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19
Q

Language in primates

A

In higher order thinking, language is unique and superior to a lot of other organisms…

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20
Q

Characteristics of language and how we communicate

A

1.) Structure to language (ex. alphabet)
2.) Written form
3.) Speech/verbal form
4.) Signing/sign language
- the purpose of language is to communicate
- survival mechanism

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21
Q

Critical period (window)

A

Prior to age 7, if formal language does not happen, it will not happen and kid will get screwed over (frontal lobe rapidly developing during this time)
- Between 3-6, frontal lobe development so have to get formal language in during that period

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22
Q

3 structures affected by language

A

1.) Frontal/temporal lobe region (Broca’s area)
2.) Temporal/parietal region of lobe (Wernicke’s area)
3.) Arcuate fasciculus (connector between other two regions)

23
Q

Structure 1: Broca’s area

A

Frontal/temporal lobe
- motor cortex close to Broca’s area and allows you to make movement
- Broca’s area allows you to produce speech!
~Speech production
~Expressive speech

24
Q

Expressive speech

A

words coming out of mouth, motor movement of speech; fluent speech

  • damage could result in stutter or other speech impediments
25
Q

Structure 2: Wernicke’s area

A

Temporal/parietal region of lobe
- lets you take in speech and work with it/process it
~Speech reception
~Receptive speech

If damage, difficulty processing speech

26
Q

Arcuate fasciculus

A

“I-90” example
- connector between Broca’s and Wernicke’s can get damaged too

27
Q

Aphasia

A

Language disorder

28
Q

2 types of Aphasia

A

1.) Broca’s aphasia
2.) Wernicke’s aphasia

29
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Language disorder usually following a stroke that affects effortful speech (takes more effort)
- understanding is good (because Wernicke’s is still intact), but finding and producing the words is difficult
- intelligence remains intact; you just can’t get words out (lots of ummmms)
- can hear the words in head but can’t get them out and say words correctly/completely like Petersburg

Brain is good but expression of speech is hard since damaged area is close to motor strip

30
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

“Word salad”
- no meaning or connection between words so nothing makes sense
- damage to being able to understand language

ex. he can hear but unable to process language (doesn’t know what the interviewer is saying or what he is saying)

  • sounds fluent since Broca’s still intact, but not going to make any sense since can’t comprehend information
  • they sound like they have schizophrenia… but they don’t
31
Q

Worst aphasia?

A

When damage to both locations and then no speech at all
- intelligence is spared though

32
Q

For most people, Broca’s and Wernicke’s area live in which lobe?

A

Left frontal

33
Q

Right-handed people

A

Left-sided dominance 95% for where Broca’s and Wernicke’s is located

34
Q

Left-handed people

A

Left-sided dominance 70%
Right-sided dominance 15%
Bilateral dominance 15%
- not as sure about where language centers live for left handed people

35
Q

What can you use to test for which lobe of brain language is on?

A

WADA test

36
Q

WADA test

A
  • used to assess language dominance (usually prior to a brain surgery)
  • Put half brain to sleep at a time and then test language to see where language centers are located (knock a part of the brain out and if you can’t do language then that hemisphere is where your language centers are located so they know to avoid that hemisphere during surgery)
37
Q

Intelligence

A

Super hard to measure because can’t agree on a definition
- testing for intellectual disabilities is important for accommodations but not as important as society makes it out to seem

~ ability to adapt, learn, and use knowledge

38
Q

Spearman intelligence

A

“one-factor” that governs all others” is known as the “G-factor”

39
Q

Cattel and Horn intelligence

A

Took concept of “G-factor” and added to it… 2 sides of “G-factor” are:
1.) Fluid intelligence
2.) Crystalized intelligence

40
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Based on speed and adaptation in tasks
- Ex. reaction times, speed

As you age, things like reaction time slow/decrease

41
Q

Crystalized intelligence

A

Information you’ve acquired over time and therefore it is hardened/crystalized
- Ex. vocabulary

As you age, this part of the spectrum increases (ex. vocabulary expands)

42
Q

Cattel/Horn/Carroll (CHC current/modern theory)

A

“G-factor” - this is what is being tested with current IQ store

Fluid and crystalized but adding to it the individual subtests under each
- multiple subtests that make up fluid and crystalized which then make up “G-factor”

43
Q

Gardner

A
  • multiple intelligences
  • “8” intelligences
  • everyone is going to be “more intelligent”/excel in certain areas than others

Ex. Savant Syndrome

44
Q

Savant syndrome

A

Characterized by exceptional ability (highest peak) in a given area (ex. memory, mathematics, music, and emotionally, etc.)

  • KIM PEEK
45
Q

Kim Peek

A

Inspiration for Rain Man movie
- you may think he is intellectually disabled, but he is exceptional at certain task of remembering random facts he reads… photogenic memory
- Everything he reads, he maintains

46
Q

Primary test used in IQ test

A

WAIS-IV

47
Q

WAIS-IV

A

Based on CHC theory
- NO test to measure multiple intelligences though!

48
Q

Is intelligence and IQ the same?

A

NO

49
Q

Stability of IQ scores

A

Intelligence levels off at:
- Age 3 or prior
- Age 4
- Age 11 or 12
- Heritability

50
Q

Age 3 or prior

A

Problem is that small/modest prediction of adult scores (doesn’t translate well to when older)

51
Q

Age 4

A

Some prediction of teen IQ score

52
Q

Age 11 or 12

A

Really stabilizes and starts to predict adult scores

53
Q

Heritability

A

50-80% of intelligence is heritable (nature vs. nurture)

54
Q

Bias in the IQ tests

A

Schools, race, and ethnicity, etc.

Intro to Psych (13 decks)

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