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Intro to Psych > Personality > Flashcards

Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we describe personality in modern day?

A

We use a characteristic/trait model

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2
Q

Personality

A

Characteristic pattern of thinking, behaving, feeling

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3
Q

Characteristic

A

You can see it and people around you can see it

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4
Q

Personality=Pattern

A

Long standing pattern of characteristics
- can alter these to fit certain situations (like funerals) if needed

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5
Q

Who created the first framework for personality?

A

Freud

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6
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A

Personality is made up of dynamic interaction between conscious vs. unconscious
- has to be balanced to have good/healthy personality

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7
Q

What happens if personality is unbalanced (according to psychodynamic theory)?

A

If unbalanced, some sort of personality pathology (mental health issues/personality disorders)

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8
Q

Personality structure according to psychodynamic theory

A

Tip of the iceberg is conscious and the rest is lurking in the unconscious

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9
Q

ID

A

Primal desires, energies (animalistic side)
- operates on PLEASURE principle (wants to do own thing, be out of control, highly aggressive, sexual, etc.)
- can’t have in real world or anarchy
- ID is always there and ready

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10
Q

Ego

A

Operates on REALITY principle and keeps ID in check (“slow down, we can’t do that” said Ego to ID)

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11
Q

Preconscious

A

not quite below or above surface
- includes the SUPEREGO

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12
Q

Superego

A

Peacemaker between the other two
- Morals and standards

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13
Q

Horse/rider example for ID and Ego

A

ID=horse
- Strength, motivation, wild, strong, powerful

Ego=rider
- bringing a sense of control/direction to horse

*If not riding the horse (ID), horse will do what it wants and be free, but if you put rider (ego) on it, you control it/tame it

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14
Q

Does childhood play a significant role in personality development?

A

Yes
- psychosexual stages of personality development

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15
Q

All kids go through the psychosexual stages of personality development

A

Success=no issues, so pass to next stage

Failure=pathology
– If failure to deal or resolve conflict in each stage, there is going to be a pathology/issue

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16
Q

Stage 1 of psychosexual stages of personality development

A

ORAL
- learning things by touching and putting things in mouth
- 0-18 months

Failure=nail biting, smoking/tobacco use, eating disorders, binge eating in adulthood

Ex. have to conquer Oedipus complex (child wants to have sex with mother and kill father)

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17
Q

Defense mechanisms (small percentage)

A

Ego is a PROTECTOR
- ex. in order to protect from anxiety, it will distort reality so you feel better

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18
Q

What is the number 1 Defense Mechanism?

A

Repression
- rules all other defense mechanisms (leader and coordinates others to get involved)

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19
Q

What is the goal of repression?

A

To help banish anxiety

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20
Q

What is the problem with repression?

A

Often incomplete protection
- there are cracks called FREUDIAN SLIPS
*Symbols
*Dreams
*Slips

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21
Q

Freudian slip

A

Didn’t mean to say a word but came out that way

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22
Q

Denial

A

Pretending things are different; refusing to believe something happened a certain way
- pretending or disbelief of reality to cope and feel less anxious

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23
Q

Projection

A

is also a defense mechanism where you project your feelings onto another person about someone else

24
Q

Projective tests

A

1.) Inkblot tests/”Rorschach”
2.) TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

25
Q

Inkblot tests/”Rorschach”

A
  • Vague image and asking for interpretation
  • no right or wrong answer
  • no standard scoring system so how can you compare people’s “scores” to one another (Reliability/validity is extremely poor)
26
Q

According to Freud, the color you are drawn to first means something…

A

and the location you are drawn to first also means something

BUT no consistency (sometimes you see something and sometimes you don’t)

27
Q

Rorschach tests are used to…

A

interpret unconscious thoughts and motivations and personality
- in competition with objective tests
that are more data driven and more common today

28
Q

TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)

A
  • depicts a story
  • interpret story (vague but more than random dot)
  • same as inkblots in terms of validity and reliability being poor
29
Q

Humanism

A

Rogers and Maslow
- Self-growth and self-determination
(people have the capacity to reach their maximum potential)

Personality development
- self-concept (you think about yourself in a particular manner)

Also vague in nature but laid the groundwork for positive psych (Selgman born out of idea about humanism)

30
Q

Is self-concept only restricted to traits?

A

No; doesn’t have to be traits but can be largely shaped by relationships from the past (characteristics shaped by prior interactions)

31
Q

Self-concept and characteristics shaped by prior interactions

A
  • Empathy
  • Unconditional positive regard
32
Q

Trait models

A

Traits are stable and enduring
- late teens, early 20s

Frontal lobe still developing until 25 years old
- partially, personality is housed in frontal lobe

33
Q

Allport

A

First person to identify and consider what we now think of as traits

34
Q

Odbert

A

Count and identify ALL WORDS that describe a person in the dictionary
- had to come up with a way to condense the information because no one will take such a long questionnaire

35
Q

Factor analysis with Odbert

A

(Condenses into 100 clusters ex.)
- statistical technique that condenses large item pools into smaller, more manageable ones (we still do this today)

36
Q

Eysenck and Eysenck

A

Personality questionnaire
- 2 dimensions found in every trait model that has ever existed in personality
*Neuroanatomical basis to these traits (everybody with a brain has them)

37
Q

2 dimensions to every trait model for personality

A

1.) Introversion-Extroversion scale
2.) Emotional stability vs. instability

38
Q

Introversion

A

Timid, calm, quiet

39
Q

Extroversion

A

center of attention, outgoing, sociable, personable

40
Q

Emotional instability

A

highly anxious, depressed, etc.

41
Q

Emotional stability

A

calm, even keel, etc.

42
Q

2 assessments of personality

A

1.) Standard personality questionnaire
2.) Personality pathology/mental health

43
Q

Standard personality questionnaire

A

Goal is to find level of traits
- research then links them to other outcome variables

Ex. extroverted people being more likely to go into business, etc., where they are dealing with people daily

44
Q

Personality pathology/mental health

A

Help with diagnosis and treatment (clinical capacity)

*MMPI-3
*PAI

45
Q

MMPI-3 personality pathology/mental health test

A

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-3
- reference points for certain subgroups
- uses true and false items BUT over 500 questions and requires skilled reading level

46
Q

PAI personality pathology/mental health test

A

Personality Assessment Inventory
- not true and false questions
- 4 point scale
- 300+ questions
- uses a 4+ reading level

47
Q

2 major models of personality today

A

1.) BIG 5
2.) HEXACO

48
Q

Big 5 (OCEAN)

A

Well represented in text with lots of research backing; very common model developed in the 80s by Costa and McCrae
- Five large cluster/domains of traits that captures everybody
- spectrum from low to high and everything in between

49
Q

Big 5 (OCEAN) and one trait from each domain

A

1.) Openness (to experience)
- imaginative, artistic, likes variety

2.) Conscientiousness
- practical, organized, not sloppy, punctual

3.) Extraversion
- outgoing, talkative, sociable

4.) Agreeableness
- trusting, helpful, cooperative

5.) Neuroticism
- anxiety, fear, depression

They are trying to link personality to outcome variables (what profile would be linked/fit with what traits… what jobs suit a person based on their personality traits
- we should care because we all have personality so it is useful to see what they link to

50
Q

HEXACO

A
  • not well represented in text
  • alternative model that came out in early 2000s by Ashton & Lee
  • 6 factor model as opposed to 5 factor model
51
Q

HEXACO traits

A

Honesty-Humility
- (does not exist in Big 5 so crown jewel of HEXACO)
- modest, truthful, not seeking out greed

Emotionality
- called Neuroticism in Big 5 BUT focuses on positive side as well (balance)
- negative trait: anxiety, fear
- positive trait: sentimental

eXtraversion
- outgoing

Agreeableness
- trusting, helpful, cooperative

Conscientiousness
- practical, punctual, organized

Openness
- imaginative, artistic

52
Q

HEXACO advantages

A

1.) Cross-cultural replicability
- Big 5 has a limitation; has not been found in certain cultures and languages BUT HEXACO has been found in numerous cultures and languages that Big 5 is not

2.) Out-predicted the Big 5 in numerous outcome variables
- statistics show that HEXACO is usually the winner even if 6th factor is removed and it is five on five; the way it is configured still wins

3.) More comprehensive
- H-factor does not line up with any FFM domains

53
Q

Stability of personality

A

Personality questionnaire at time 1 and then again at time 2 and then correlate the two to see how personality stabilizes over time

  • Children have a .30 correlation (with 1 perfect) so NOT very stable and constantly changing personality
  • College have a .55 correlation (strong correlation) so personality is probably where it will be for life
  • 30s/40s not a big jump but have a stronger correlation of .65
  • 50s/60s not a big jump but have a stronger correlation of .75

Brain injury may cause a weaker correlation and personality may change (Phineas Gage example; stroke to frontal lobe)

54
Q

Heritability of personality

A

Roughly 60% of personality comes from biological parents with 40% driven by environment (this is where Freud is right when he says childhood conditions matter)

55
Q

Cultural differences in personality

A

Individualistic cultures
- US cares about themselves and more about self-concept
- Also Canada, Italy, etc.

Collectivistic cultures
- care about the group more
- group and group belongingness
- more of a desire for security
- Asian cultures (China, Japan, etc.)

Intro to Psych (13 decks)

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